REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH – WOMEN‘S CONDITIONS

2024

STRESS, WELL BEING, ENERGY, PAIN, WOMEN, BREAST CANCER.

Reflexology as an Integrative Approach to Improve Stress, Energy, and Pain in Women Receiving Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer. By H.D. Zinkin, K. Kostroff, D. Dimisa, R. Hausen, J. Christophers, D. McElligot, M. Akerman, L. Potters. Pub. by International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. Volume 120, Issue 2, Supplement. 2024. Page e423. ISSN 0360-3016. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.ijrobp. 2024.07.944.

Stress was reduced by 40.0%, pain decreased by 24.0%, energy increased by 33.3 % and overall feeling of well-being improved by 33.3% (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.0001 for all measures). Many patients also reported improvement in chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain. The service was so well received by patients that the funding has been renewed.

MENOPAUSE, STRESS, SLEEP, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE, WOMEN

The Effects of Auricular Acupressure on Menopausal Symptoms, Stress, and Sleep in Postmenopausal Middle-Aged Women: A Randomized Single-Blind Sham-Controlled Trial. By Bomi Kim, Hyojung Park. Pub. by J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024 Jan-Feb;69(1):41-51. PMID: 37549976 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13554

This study demonstrated that auricular acupressure is effective in improving menopause symptoms, stress, and sleep in postmenopausal middle-aged women. Therefore, auricular acupressure may be a useful nonpharmacologic intervention for alleviating these symptoms in this population.

2023

PAIN, BREASTFEEDING, WEIGHT OF INFANTS, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology and Benson Relaxation on Pain, Breastfeeding and Weight of Neonates of Women Undergoing a Cesarean Section. By Farnoosh Tavallali, Hakimeh Vahedparast, Fatemeh Hajinezhad, Razieh Bagherzadeh. Pub by Arch Iran Med. 2023 Jul 1;26(7):381-388. PMID: 38301097 PMCID: PMC10685816 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.58

Both the reflexology and the Benson relaxation methods effectively decreased pain and increased breastfeeding frequency and the infant's weight gain.

PREGNANCY SYMPTOMS

The effects of reflexology on symptoms in pregnancy: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. By Xiaoyu Liang, Shangping Wu, Ke Li, Haolin Zhang, Fujing Yang, Xinhui Wang, Guangyi Yang. Pub. by Heliyon 2023 Jul 19;9(8):e18442. PMID: 37533996 PMCID: PMC10391945 DOI: 0.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18442

Reflexology is probably effective and safe for labor pain, duration of labor, and anxiety in pregnancy, while the evidences for reflexology in low back and/or pelvic pain, fatigue, sleep quality, constipation symptoms, and ankle and foot edema during pregnancy were insufficient. Based on the low to high quality of included studies, strong supportive evidence is not yet available. Rigorous-design and large-scale clinical trials should be conducted to provide higher-quality, reliable evidence.

INSOMNIA, DEPRESSION , PERIMENOPAUSAL, MENOPAUSAL, POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Effects of different physiotherapy modalities on insomnia and depression in perimenopausal, menopausal, and post-menopausal women: a systematic review. By Lialy, H.E., Mohamed, M.A., AbdAllatif, L.A. et al. Pub. by BMC Women's Health 23, 363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02515-9

Reflexology, yoga, walking and aromatherapy massage showed an overall significant impact on decreasing insomnia and depression in menopausal women.

FOOT MASSAGE, SEXUAL DISTRESS, SEXUAL SELF-CONFIDENCE, WOMEN

The Effect of Foot Massage Applied to Turkish Women Living in Rural Areas on Sexual Distress and Sexual Self-Confidence: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Gökbulut N., Bal Z., Uçar T. Pub. by Complement Med Res 2023;30:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1159/000526347.

Foot massage can be used to reduce the level of sexual distress and increase sexual self-confidence in women with sexual distress. Health professionals who provide health services can use foot massage to positively improve sexuality in women.

ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY, PAIN, ANXIETY, WOMEN

Effect of Reflexology on Decreasing Postoperative Pain and Anxiety After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy. By Nilgun Avci, Umran Oskay. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. 2023 Mar-Apr;37(2):78-89. PMID: 36790422 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000570.

All of the patients in the reflexology group stated that reflexology helped them feel better. The reflexology group compared with the control group had lower than the average Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain and VAS and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety at all assessment times. Reflexology is effective in reducing anxiety and pain.

LABOR PAIN, FOOT MASSAGE

Effect of Foot Massage on Labor Pain in Parturient Women. By Yasemin Şanli, İlkay Güngör Satilmiş. Pub. by Altern Ther Health Med. 2023 Mar;29(2):82-88. PMID: 35325870.

In conclusion, it was determined that foot massage could be effective and reliable intervention in the management of labor pain.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, BLOOD OXYGENATION, PMS, WOMEN

Effectiveness of Reflexology for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Other Health Difficulties Specific to Women. By Inoue, A., Majima, Y., Masuda, S. and Matsuda, T. Pub. in Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2023) - Volume 5: HEALTHINF, pages 502-506. ISBN: 978-989-758-631-6; ISSN: 2184-4305 Copyright c 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda.

The results obtained for blood pressure, heart rate, and blood oxygenation resembled those of earlier studies. Results for blood pressure differed slightly from those of earlier studies. However, because earlier studies had fewer participants, the number of participants in future studies must be increased; the reliability of future data must be improved.

ANXIETY, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on the Anxiety of Pregnant Women During Labor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By Abbaszadeh, Zeinab; Malakouti, Jamileh; Maghalian, Mahsa; Mirghafourvand, Mojgan Source: Current Women's Health Reviews, Volume 19, Number 3, 2023, pp. 20-28(9) Pub. by Bentham Science Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573404818666220527095739

Reflexology can decrease maternal anxiety during labor. However, given the small number of studies and the high or unclear bias risk in most of them, no definitive conclusions can be drawn, and it is recommended that further research with stronger methodologies be conducted on this subject.

PAIN, LABOR, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

The effectiveness of auricular acupressure on pain management during labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. By Meng-Meng Xu, Qi Tian, Lin Yu, Shu Yang, Yan-Tong Liu, Shuang-Han Yu, Ming-Lu Cao, Wei Zhang. Pub. by Jpn J Nurs Sci. . 2023 Jan;20(1):e12512. PMID: 36134507 DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12512

Effective labor pain relief, better labor pain perception, and the lack of adverse effects support the use of auricular acupressure. More high-quality and rigorous trials are needed to verify our findings before we can make strong recommendations.

DYSMENORRHEA (MENSTRUAL PAIN), AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

Effects of auricular acupressure (AA) on dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. By Xianglu Kong, Hong Fang, Xiaoqian Li, Yanjuan Zhang, Yi Guo. Pub. by Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 5:13:1016222 PMID: 36686444 PMCID: PMC9851274 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1016222

Overall, AA, as a potential safety therapy, is effective for the management of dysmenorrhea, such as increasing cured rate, total effective rate, VAS, and symptom scores. However, AA alone has little effect on them compared to other therapies, and there is no definite conclusion on the benefits of AA compared to placebo for patients with dysmenorrhea. Rigorous RCTs with blind method and placebo control are warranted to confirm these findings.

2022

ANXIETY, FATIGUE, SLEEP, POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

The impact of foot massage given to postmenopausal women on anxiety, fatigue, and sleep: a randomized-controlled trial. By Gökbulut, Nilay PhD; Ibici Akça, Emine PhD; Karakayali Ay, Çiğdem MSc. Pub. by Menopause: Sept. 20, 2022 - Volume - Issue - 10.1097/GME.0000000000002062 doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000002062

It was determined that foot massage applied during menopause increases the average daily sleep duration (hours) and reduces women's fatigue and anxiety levels.

QUALITY OF LIFE, POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on the Quality of Life of Postmenopausal Women 2022. By Mahdavipour, F., Sadat, Z., Mirbagher-Ajorpaz, N., Kafaei-Atrian, M., Pub. by Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care, 8(3), pp. 191-198. https://doi.org/10.32598/JCCNC.8.3.435.1

The results showed that foot reflexology could improve postmenopausal women’s QoL. Due to the simple and easy learning of reflexology, its training is recommended for all menopausal women to improve their QoL.

NAUSEA, VOMITING, ANXIETY, BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, WOMEN

Determining the Effect of Reflexology on Nausea, Vomiting and Anxiety in Patients with Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Neriman Yükseltürk Şimşek, Bariş Nacir, Ayten Demir. Pub. by Complement Med Res. 2022 May 24. PMID: 35609525 DOI: 10.1159/000525034.

The research showed that while reflexology did not affect nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, it was helpful in reducing anxiety.

PAIN, AROMATHERAPY, LABOUR, WOMEN

'Comparison of the Effects of Foot Trigger Reflexology with Aromatherapy on Anxiety, Pain, and Outcomes of Pregnancy in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial', By Shokrollahi, P., Farahi, F. (2022). Pub. by Women’s Health Bulletin, 9(4), pp. 191-199. doi: 10.30476/whb.2022.96397.1191

The reflexology with aromatic oil was found to be more effective than that with non-aromatic oil. Furthermore, the pain rate at the time of labor reduced in the intervention groups compared to that in the control group.

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, WOMEN

Evaluate the effectiveness of foot reflexology on Premenstrual Syndrome (pms) among early adult women. By Mrs. Revathi S., Prof. Mrs. Vanitha S., Prof. Mrs. Sudha R. Pub, by TNNMC Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing. 2022, Volume : 10, Issue : 1. Pages 35- 37.

This indicated that foot reflexology was effective in reducing pre menstrual syndrome. Chi square test revealed that educational status, BMI, age at menarche, type of menstrual flow is statistically significant at 5% (p<0.05) level.

LABOR PAIN, SATISFACTION, PARTURIENT (BIRTHING) WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Relieving Labor Pain and Enhancing Satisfaction among Parturient Women. By Wafaa Mostafa Ahmed Gamel, Madiha Mohamed Tosson, Yousif A. Pub. by Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 2022 EJHC Vol. 13 No. 1 940.

Conclusion: Foot reflexology is an effective non- pharmacological method in relieving labor pain and enhancing satisfaction. Recommendation: Foot reflexology should be utilized by nurses as a non-pharmacological strategy to manage labor pain and enhance satisfaction among parturient women

ANXIETY, PAIN, FIRST TIME PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effectiveness of Breathing Exercises, Foot Reflexology and Massage (BRM) on Maternal and Newborn Outcomes Among Primigravidae in Saudi Arabia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Kamilya Baljon, Muhammad Hibatullah Romli, Adibah Hanim Ismail, Lee Khuan, Boon-How Chew. Pub by Int J Womens Health. 2022 Feb 25;14:279-295. PMID: 35241937 PMCID: PMC8887672 DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S347971

The labor unit management could consider adopting breathing exercises, foot reflexology, and massage (BRM) as one of the non-pharmacological analgesia for healthy women in labor.

LABOUR DURATION, PAIN, WOMEN

The effect of foot reflexology on duration of labor and neonatal apgar score in nulliparous women: A randomized clinical trial. By Valiani, M., Kianpour, M., Shiran, E. Pub. by Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and InfertilityVolume 25, Issue 1, March 2022, Pages 46-55

Foot reflexology directly reduce the labor duration and labor pain which is effective in contribute to shorten the prevalence of asphyxia (breathing difficulty) and improving the Apgar score (Baby’s evaluation).

UTERINE AFTER PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN,

A randomized clinical trial on the effect of foot reflexology performed in the fourth stage of labor on uterine afterpain. By Neda Sharifi, Narjes Bahri, Fatemeh Hadizadeh-Talasaz, Hoda Azizi, Hossein Nezami, Hamid Reza Tohidinik. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Jan 21; 22(1):57. PMID: 35062899 PMCID: PMC8783404 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04376-w

The results revealed that foot reflexology in the fourth stage of labor has positive effects on relief from uterine afterpain. Reflexology is therefore recommended as a measure to reduce postpartum uterine after pains.

ANXIETY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety in Women with Breast Cancer: A Randomized-controlled Trial. By Mohadeseh Rezaei, Vahid Naseri-Salahshour, Fatemeh Rafiei, Fatolah Mohagheghi, Mahbobeh Sajadi. Pub. by EBCJ.2021.Volume 11, Issue 4, January 2022 Pages 33-39.

As reflexology did not affect the anxiety of women with breast cancer, this method can be combined with other non-pharmacological interventions to control anxiety in women with this complication; however, it should not be utilized alone in the clinic to manage anxiety. Further studies are recommended to be conducted with larger sample sizes and extended periods on anxiety and mental health disorders in these women.

2021

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, WOMEN,

Effect of Foot Reflexology Protocol on Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms in Nursing Students: a Pre-Post Pilot Study. By Amanda K S Vieira, Marisa T Nagumo, Gisele Kuba, Leonice F S Kurebayashi, Ruth N T Turrini. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2021 Dec 1;14(4):1-11. PMID: 34900066 PMCID: PMC8629353 DOI: 10.3822/ijtmb.v14i4.631

Foot reflexology has shown promising results in reducing premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME, WOMEN, HEMODIALYSIS

Aromatherapy Massage vs. Foot Reflexology on the Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome in Female Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. By Mahbobeh Ghasemi, Nahid Rejeh, Tahereh Bahrami, Majideh Heravi-Karimooi, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, and Mojtaba Vaismoradi. Geriatrics (Basel). 2021 Dec; 6(4): 99. PMCID: PMC8544351 PMID: 34698176

Aromatherapy massage was shown to be more effective than reflexology on the alleviation of RLS severity in female patients undergoing hemodialysis. Adding an essential oil such as lavender to massage therapy is a safe and inexpensive method that may help relieve RLS symptoms. In the reflexology group, no statistically significant difference was reported during the time intervals. However, further research is required to investigate the effect of reflexology on RLS severity.

ANXIETY, LABOR PAIN, LABOR DURATION, BIRTH SATISFACTION, PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN

The effect of reflexology on labor pain, anxiety, labor duration, and birth satisfaction in primiparous pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. By Akköz Çevik S, Incedal İ. Pub. by Health Care Women Int. 2021;42(4-6):710-725. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1800014. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PMID: 32877317.

Reflexology was effective in decreasing pain and anxiety and increasing the birth satisfaction during the first stage of labor.

CHILDBIRTH, PAIN MANAGEMENT, PREGNANCY, WOMEN,

Reflexology in Childbirth Pain Management By Hadis Rahimi, Hossein Elyasi, Nasrin Galehdar. Pub. by Acta Medica Iranica Vol 59, No 6 (Aug. 2021).

Results of all articles showed that if true reflexology is performed on the right location of the body and at the appropriate time, the pain of delivery can be significantly decreased. Reflexology is appropriate pain relief and prophylaxis for any kind of pain, especially delivery and post-delivery pain. It is a safe remedy with no adverse effects reported so far.

BLOOD PRESSURE, SLEEP QUALITY, FOOT MASSAGE, WOMEN

The influence of foot and back massage on blood pressure and sleep quality in females with essential hypertension: a randomized controlled study. By Gürcan Arslan, Özlem Ceyhan, Mukadder Mollaoğlu. J Hum Hypertens. 2021 Jul; 35(7):627-637. PMID: 32678299 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0371-z

Foot and back massage was found to be effective in reducing blood pressure and improving sleep quality.

LABOR PAIN, LABOR, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effect of plantar reflexology on labor pain and childbirth experience: A randomized controlled clinical trial. By Massoumeh Jameei-Moghaddam, Sakineh Goljaryan, Sakineh Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi, Simin Taghavi, Mojgan Mirghafourvand. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021 Jun; 47(6):2082-2092. PMID: 33749069 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14755

The results of the study showed that plantar reflexology can reduce the severity of labor pain and the length of third stage of labor.

PAIN, WOUND HEALING, CESAREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effect of Complementary Medicine on Pain Relief and Wound Healing after Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review. By Azin Niazi, Maryam Moradi, Vahid Reza Askari, and Neda Sharifi. Pub. by J Pharmacopuncture. 2021 Jun 30; 24(2): 41–53. doi: 10.3831/KPI.2021.24.2.41 PMCID: PMC8220509 PMID: 34249394

Finally, 28 clinical trials (with a sample size of 3,245) scored at least 3 on the Jadad scale were included into the analysis. This article reviewed 13 articles on medicinal herbs, 4 articles on massage, 1 article on reflexology, 2 articles on acupressure. According to the present review, the use of medicinal herbs was the most common method of complementary medicine in pain relief and wound healing after cesarean section.

PAIN, LABOUR DURATION, BIRTH SATISFACTION, GUIDED IMAGERY, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

The effect of guided imagery and reflexology on pain intensity, duration of labor and birth satisfaction in primiparas: randomized controlled trial. By Ece Kaplan, Semra Çevik. Pub. by Health Care Women Int. 2021;42(4-6):691-709. PMID: 34156906 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1880411.

The mean VAS scores of the experimental groups were statistically lower than the mean score of the control group. The difference between the time averages of the groups was found to be significant. Birth satisfaction mean scores of the experimental groups was found to be higher than the control group.

LABOUR PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Reduction of Labour Pain Among Primigravida Mothers. By Manju Mohan, RN, RM and Linda Varghese, RN, RM. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2021 Mar; 14(1): 21–29. PMCID: PMC7892334 PMID: 33654503

The findings showed that foot reflexology was effective in relief of labour pain, with a high degree of patient satisfaction in primigravida mothers.

LACTATION, BREASTFEEDING, CESEARIAN SECTION, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on Lactation in Women Who Had Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. By Sevde Aksu, Pelin Palas Karaca. Complement Med Res. 2021; 28(4):336-343. PMID: 33477165 DOI: 10.1159/000513924

In the study, it was determined that Breastfeeding Charting System and Documentation Tool scores and signs of the onset of breastfeeding increased in the mothers who received reflexology after Cesarean Section.

URINARY RETENTION, CESAREAN SECTION, VOIDING TIME, MATERNAL SATISFACTION, WOMEN

The effect of complementary medicine on maternal health promotion: An experimental study. By Hafizi L, Razmjoo N, Yousefi F, Azizi H. Pub. by J Educ Health Promot. 2021 Jan 28;10:26. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_961_20. PMID: 33688535; PMCID: PMC7933667.

It seems that the use of foot reflexology as a nursing care plan to prevent urinary retention after cesarean section without urinary catheter does shorten first voiding time and increase maternal satisfaction.

PAIN, SPIRITUALITY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

Pain and Spirituality Outcomes Among Women With Advanced Breast Cancer Participating in a Foot Reflexology Trial. By Megan Miller, Ding Xu, Rebecca H Lehto, Jason S Moser. Pub. by Oncology Nursing Forum 48(1):31-43 Jan. 2021. DOI:10.1188/21.ONF.31-43

Self-reported spirituality and pain were not associated with uptake of the reflexology intervention, indicating a need for further research into potential factors contributing to intervention engagement. Overall, this work highlights the need for continued nursing efforts to enhance pain management strategies for individuals with advanced cancer, which may include components of spirituality.

2020

UTERINE AFTER PAIN, WOMEN.

A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effect of Foot Reflexology in the Fourth Stage of Labor on Uterine After Pain. By Neda Sharifi, Narjes Bahri, Fateme Hadizade Talasaz, Hoda Azizi, Hosein Nezami. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-116158/v1

The results revealed that foot reflexology in the fourth stage of labor has positive effects on the relief of uterine after-pain. It is therefore recommended that reflexology be used to reduce postpartum uterine after-pain.

ANXIETY, PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN

Effect of pre-cesarean foot reflexology massage on anxiety of primiparous women. By Maryam Navaee, Samira Khayat, Zahra Ghadiri Abed. J Complement Integr Med. 2020 Sep 23; 17(3). PMID: 32284448 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0229

The results of this study revealed the positive effect of reflexology massage on pre-cesarean anxiety. Because reflexology massage is an inexpensive, simple, and easy approach, the use of this non-pharmaceutical method is recommended to reduce pre-cesarean anxiety.

LACTATION, COMFORT, CAESAREAN-DELIVERY PRIMIPAROUS MOTHERS

The Effect of Reflexology on Lactation and Postpartum Comfort in Caesarean-Delivery Primiparous Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Seyhan Çankaya, Gülay Ratwisch. Int J Nurs Pract. 2020 Jun; 26(3):e12824. PMID: 32078754 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12824

Reflexology starts lactation earlier in mothers giving birth via caesarean section, supports the breastfeeding period, and increases mothers' postpartum comfort.

PAIN, WOMEN, PREGNANCY

The effect of guided imagery and reflexology on pain intensity, duration of labor and birth satisfaction in primiparas: randomized controlled trial. By Ece Kaplan, Semra Çevik. Health Care Women Int. 2021; 42(4-6):691-709. PMID: 34156906 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1880411

The mean VAS scores of the experimental groups were statistically lower than the mean score of the control group. The difference between the time averages of the groups was significant. Birth satisfaction mean scores of the experimental groups was higher than the control group.

PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, WOMEN

Effectiveness of Multi Interventional Package on Selected Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome among Women - A Pilot Study. By Elizabeth, Attonassary Jose, Aruna, Swaminathan, Mercy, Parayidathil Joseph. Pub. by J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.50 No.4, 52. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20012

The study results substantiate that 12 weeks of Multi Interventional Package (MIP) as well as Lifestyle Interventions (LI) significantly improved the physiological, biochemical and socio-psychological parameters of metabolic syndrome among women. MIP is effective to control body weight, BMI, BP, HDL, triglycerides and FBS and to increase knowledge on MS. Considering the limitations of the study, there is a need for more comprehensive studies with large sample size to generalize the findings.

BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

Expectancy and Utilisation of Reflexology among Women with Advanced Breast Cancer: Expectancy and Utilisation of Reflexology. By Benjamin M. Rottman, Gwen Wyatt, Tracy E Crane, Alla Sikorskii. Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being 12(2) February 2020. DOI:10.1111/aphw.12194

Assessing patterns of patient factors, expectancy, and change in symptoms can help determine who is likely to use reflexology, and when.

BREAST CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, FATIGUE, NAUSEA, VOMITTING, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, WOMEN

A systematic review association of reflexology in managing symptoms and side effects of breast cancer treatment. By Ausanee Wanchai, Jane M. Armer. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Volume 38, 2020, 101074, ISSN 1744-3881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101074.

The results showed that reflexology is associated with benefits for both psychological and physical aspects. Reflexology was reported to improve quality of life, but not for depression or anxiety. It was also beneficial for reducing fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, but not for peripheral neuropathy. Enough high level evidence has not been reported to confirm the effectiveness of reflexology on breast cancer symptom management.

ANXIETY, LABOUR DURATION, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

The effectiveness of foot reflexology in reducing anxiety and duration of labor in primiparas: An open-label randomized controlled trial. By Ilana Levy, Samuel Attias, Tamar Stern Lavee, Ofri Avneri, Gil Cohen, Shosh Balachsan, Shlomi Sagi, Elad Schiff. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Feb; 38:101085. PMID: 32056811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101085

A larger alleviation of anxiety was observed immediately after reflexology treatment as compared to the control group during the 30 min following group assignment. Reflexology did not affect the length of delivery. Conclusion: Foot reflexology had a positive short-term anxiolytic effect during labor in primiparas with moderate-to-severe anxiety but did not affect the duration of labor.

LACTATION, POSTPARTUM COMFORT, CAESEREAN-DELIVERED FIRST MOTHERS.

The Effect of Reflexology on Lactation and Postpartum Comfort in Caesarean-Delivery Primiparous Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Seyhan Çankaya PhD, Gülay Ratwisch PhD. Pub. by Int. J. of Nursing Practice. Volume 26, Issue 3. June 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12824

Reflexology starts lactation earlier in mothers giving birth via caesarean section, supports the breastfeeding period, and increases mothers' postpartum comfort.

PREGNANCY, EDEMA, WOMEN

Comparing the Effect of Foot Massage with Grape Seed Oil and Sweet Almond Oil on Physiological Leg Edema in Primigravidae: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Maryam Navaee, Marzieh Rakhshkhorshid. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Jan 13; 2020:6835814. PMID: 32419817 PMCID: PMC7201824 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6835814.

The findings of this study confirmed the effectiveness of foot massage using grape seed and sweet almond oils to reduce pregnancy physiological edema. Therefore, foot massage with appropriate oils, can be used as a useful technique by trained midwives in prenatal care centres or at pregnant women houses.

2019

DEPRESSION, MENOPAUSE, WOMEN

The effects of foot reflexology on depression during menopause: A randomized controlled clinical trial. By Fatemeh Mahdavipour,Zahra Rahemi,Zohreh Sadat,Neda Mirbagher Ajorpaz. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 47, December 2019, 102195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102195

The findings indicated that the foot reflexology technique can be effective for reducing women’s depression during menopause. However, considering the study’s limitations, including a small sample size and no intervention in the control group, more studies are needed to verify the findings.

INDUCTION OF LABOUR, PREGNANCY OUTCOME, WOMEN

Complementary therapy and alternative medicine: effects on induction of labour and pregnancy outcome in low risk post-dates women. By Koh LM, Percival B, Pauley T, Pathak S. Pub. by Heliyon. 2019 Nov 22;5(11):e02787. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02787. PMID: 31799460; PMCID: PMC6881689.

There is no reduction in induction of labour rates with the use of CAM (combined acupressure, reflexology and aromatherapy). The other effects of CAM on labour and delivery outcomes are varied and potentially only beneficial in a selected group of women. Further research must be carried out before making any clear recommendations on its use.

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME,

Effects of reflexology on premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. By Hasanpour, M., Mohammadi, M.M. & Shareinia, H. Pub. by BioPsychoSocial Med 13, 25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-019-0165-0

In general, results of the present study indicated that the reflexology could relieve PMS symptoms, so that overall scores, somatic and psychological symptoms of PMS decreased by applying the reflexology intervention. Furthermore, an increase in the length of reflexology time in each session increased its efficiency. Reflexology can be used as an effective intervention in a patient care program by nurses and its efficiency can be enhanced by increasing intervention time in each reflexology treatment session.

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, WOMEN, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Hospital Anxiety and Depression in Female Older Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial. By Tahereh Bahrami, MScN, Nahid Rejeh, PhD, MScN, BScN, Majideh Heravi-Karimooi, PhD, MScN, BScN, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, MScN, and Mojtaba Vaismoradi, PhD, MScN, BScN. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2019 Sep; 12(3): 16–21. PMCID: PMC6715326 PMID: 31489059

Foot reflexology massage reduced both anxiety (F(1.44)=19.11, p = .001) and depression (F(1.44)=16.76, p = .001) in acute coronary patients relative to control patients. The intervention had a large effect on hospital anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Foot reflexology massage is an efficient and safe intervention for alleviating psychological responses among female older adults suffering from acute coronary syndrome during hospitalization.

BREAST CANCER, WOMEN, WORKPLACE PRODUCTIVITY

Healthcare service utilization and work-related productivity in reflexology intervention for advanced breast cancer women. By Zhehui Luo, Liang Wang, Alla Sikorskii, Gwen Wyatt. Pub. by Support Care Cancer, 2019 Aug;27(8):2837-2847. PMID: 30552595 PMCID: PMC6570585 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4592-4

The reflexology intervention delivered by lay caregivers reduced hospital visits and increased workplace productivity in a short-term period, which has potential for cost saving for health care systems and employers.

PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSES, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

A Prospective Cohort Study on the Impact of Reflexology in Patients With Breast Cancer Using the MYCaW Scale. By Kapila AK, Herd A, Knife N, Chaplin P, Patel A. Pub. by Clin Breast Cancer. 2019 Apr;19(2):e319-e326. doi: 10.1016/j.clbc.2018.12.007. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 30691931.

Our findings show that reflexology has significantly improved patient-reported outcomes using the MYCaW scale. These findings are encouraging and reflect that increased attention to strategies focusing on improving psychological well-being can help patients in managing their symptoms.

PAIN, STRESS, CHEMOTHERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The effect of foot reflexology massage on the stress and neuropathic pain caused by chemotherapy in women with breast cancer and genitalia. By Khazaei T, Rezaei Mohabbati H, Sebzari A R, Hosseini M. Pub. by J Birjand Univ Med Sci. April 2019; 26 (1) :4-12.

Foot reflexology massage as an effective intervention in safe and effective nursing can reduce the pain and stress of cancer patients. Due to its simplicity and low cost, it can be used as a complement to other nurses' usual treatments and care.

FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, WOMEN

The Effects of Reflexology on Fatigue Severity of Patients with Cancer. By Nourmohammadi H, Motaghi M, Borji M, Tarjoman A, Soltany B. Pub. by Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019 Feb 26;20(2):391-394. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.2.391. PMID: 30803197; PMCID: PMC6897012.

The present study showed that reflexology decrease fatigue severity in patients with breast cancer and community health nursing can to use of these complementary medicine to increase patients health conditions.

PAIN, FATIGUE, QUALITY OF LIFE, CHEMOTHERAPY, GYNECOLOGIC CANCER PATIENTS

Effects of Reflexology and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Pain, Fatigue, and Quality of Life during Chemotherapy in Gynecologic Cancer Patients. By Hacer Alan Dikmen, Fusun Terzioglu. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019 Feb; 20(1):47-53. PMID: 29776873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.03.001

Reflexology and progressive muscle relaxation exercises given to gynecologic cancer patients during chemotherapy were found to decrease pain and fatigue and increase quality of life.

2018

WOMEN, BREAST MILK VOLUME

Investigating the Effect of Reflexology on the Breast Milk Volume of Preterm Infants' Mothers. By Atena Mohammadpour, Mahboubeh Valiani, Alireza Sadeghnia, Sedigheh Talakoub. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. Sep-Oct 2018; 23(5):371-375. PMID: 30186342 PMCID: PMC6111660 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_175_16

The results indicate that reflexology is effective on the volume of milk of mothers, and this low-cost and easy procedure can be used along with regular lactation training.

BREAST CANCER, PAIN, MOBILITY, LYMPHOEDEMA, WOMEN

Experiences of breast cancer related lymphoedema and the use of reflexology for managing swelling: A qualitative study. By Judith Whatley, Rachael Street, Sally Kay. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Aug; 32:123-129. PMID: 30057039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.006

The main conclusion from this qualitative evaluation was that participants perceived benefit on physical and psychological levels. Participation in the study appeared to help re-engagement with normal life. Further research is needed to quantify the changes in these parameters.

PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA (ABDOMENAL PAIN DURING MENSTRUATION), ADOLESCENT GIRLS

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Hot Application Versus foot Reflexology on Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls. By Ms Muralidharan Meghashri. Pub. by International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. Year : 2018, Volume : 6, Issue : 1. pages 19- 26. Print ISSN : 2347-8640. Online ISSN : 2454-2660. Article DOI : 10.5958/2454-2660.2018.00005.4

The findings of present study is that when compared, foot reflexology on dysmenorrhea showed higher clinical significance than that of hot application.

ANXIETY, PAIN, HYSTERECTOMY, WOMEN

The effects of reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients after abdominal hysterectomy: A randomised controlled trial. By Ruşen Öztürk, Ümran Sevil, Asuman Sargin, M. Sait Yücebilgin. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Volume 36, February 2018, Pages 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.12.005

Foot reflexology may serve as an effective nursing intervention to increase the well-being and decrease the pain of female patients after abdominal hysterectomy, and nurses should be aware of the benefits of reflexology.

PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP, QUALITY OF LIFE, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on the Pain-Insomnia-Fatigue Disturbance Cluster of Breast Cancer Patients During Adjuvant Radiation Therapy. By Ricardo Tarrasch, Narin N Carmel-Neiderman, Sarah Ben-Ami, Bella Kaufman, Raphi Pfeffer, Merav Ben-David, Dorit Gamus. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Jan; 24(1):62-68. PMID: 28440664 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0023

The results of the present study indicate that reflexology may have a positive effect on fatigue, quality of sleep, pain, and quality of life in breast cancer patients during radiation therapy. Reflexology prevented the decline in quality of life and significantly ameliorated the fatigue and quality of sleep of these patients. An encouraging trend was also noted in amelioration of pain levels.

PAIN, ANXIETY, LABOR DURATION, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

The effect of reflexology on labor pain, anxiety, labor duration, and birth satisfaction in primiparous pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. By Semra Akköz Çevik, İlknur Incedal. Pub. by Health Care Women Int. 2021;42(4-6):710-725. PMID: 32877317 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1800014

VAS mean scores and State Anxiety Inventory mean scores of the experimental group were found to be statistically significantly lower than the control group. Reflexology was effective in decreasing pain and anxiety and increasing the birth satisfaction during the first stage of labor.

LABOR, WOMEN

"Complementary medicine for laboring women: a qualitative study of the effects of reflexology" By Arnon, Zahi, Dor, Asnat, Bazak, Hadar, Attias, Samuel, Sagi, Shlomi, Balachsan, Shoshana and Schiff, Elad. Pub. by Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, 2019, pp. 20180022. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2018-0022

Using reflexology as one of the complementary medicine treatment available can contribute greatly to the entire labor experience as it empowers women and increases self-confidence and ability to self-manage labor and delivery.

LABOUR PAIN, WOMEN

Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour. By Caroline A Smith 1, Kate M Levett, Carmel T Collins, Hannah G Dahlen, Carolyn C Ee, Machiko Suganuma. Pub. by Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 28;3(3):CD009290. PMID: 29589380 PMCID: PMC6494169 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009290.pub3

2017

LOW BACK PAIN, PELVIC GIRDLE PAIN, LABOUR, PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN

A pilot randomised controlled trial exploring the effects of antenatal reflexology on labour outcomes. By Julie E M McCullough, Ciara Close, S Dianne Liddle, Marlene Sinclair, Ciara M Hughes. Midwifery. 2017 Dec; 55:137-144. PMID: 29024881 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.006

In this trial, antenatal reflexology reduced labour duration for primiparous women who had experienced low back and/ or pelvic girdle pain during their pregnancy, compared with usual care and footbaths.

CHEMOTHERAPY, NAUSEA, VOMITTING, FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on Chemotherapy-induced Nausea, Vomiting, and Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients. By Afitap Özdelikara, PhD and Mehtap Tan. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs. 2017 Jul-Sep; 4(3): 241–249. PMCID: PMC5473096 PMID: 28695171

The present study showed that reflexology decreased the experience, development, distress of nausea, vomiting, and retching as well as fatigue in the experimental group. Hence, the use of reflexology is recommended for chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

FATIGUE, CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS, SENIORS, WOMEN

Aromatherapy massage versus reflexology on female elderly with acute coronary syndrome. By Bahrami, T., Rejeh, N., Heravi-Karimooi, M., Vaismoradi, M., Tadrisi, S.D. and Sieloff, C.L. (2018). Pub. by Nurs Crit Care, 23: June 2017, 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12302

Implementation of both aromatherapy massage and reflexology has positive effects on the fatigue and cardiovascular parameters of patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, aromatherapy massage can be more beneficial to use as a supportive approach in coronary diseases.

DEPRESSION, STRESS, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD GLUCOSE, FOOT MASSAGE, WOMEN

Effects of Combined Foot Massage and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on the Stress Response in Middle-Aged Women. By Young Mi Lee, Young Ran Yeun. J Altern Complement Med. 2017 Jun; 23(6):445-450. PMID: 28467116 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0421

Combined self-administered foot massage and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy led to reductions in depression, stress, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Therefore, the intervention could be an effective means of reducing the stress response in middle-aged women.

FATIGUE, WOMEN, PREGNANCY

Effects of Counselling and Sole Reflexology on Fatigue in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Fatemeh Shobeiri, Behnaz Manoucheri, Parisa Parsa, and Ghodratolah Roshanaei. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Jun; 11(6): QC01–QC04. PMCID: PMC5535443 PMID: 28764252

Based on the results of this study, counselling and sole reflexology significantly decreased fatigue in pregnant women. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used by all treatment groups and midwives for controlling and providing midwifery cares for pregnant women.

ANXIETY, STRESS, DEPRESSION, PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS, WOMEN, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A comparison the effects of reflexology and relaxation on the psychological symptoms in women with multiple sclerosis. By Mozhgan Soheili, Fatemeh Nazari, Vahid Shaygannejad, Mahboobeh Valiani. J Educ Health Promot. 2017 Apr 19; 6:11. PMID: 28546976 PMCID: PMC5433640 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_166_14

The results showed that reflexology and relaxation in relieving anxiety, stress and depression are effective in women with MS. Hence, these two methods, as effective techniques, can be recommended.

PAIN, MIGRAINE, WOMEN

Effects of feet reflexology versus segmental massage in reducing pain and its intensity, frequency and duration of the attacks in females with migraine: a pilot study. By Kobza Wojciech, Lizis Pawel, Romualda, Zięba Halina. J Tradit Chin Med. 2017 Apr; 37(2):214-9. PMID: 29960294 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30047-x .

All variables decreased within the reflexology group and the segmental massage group 3 months after the treatment in compare with the baseline values, and the differences were statistically significant. The differences between groups were also statistically significant. Conclusion: Feet reflexology and segmental massage provide a safe alternative for the pharmacological treatment of migraine. The patients with migraine obtain significant health benefits with feet reflexology.

FATIGUE, SLEEP, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, RADIATION THERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on the Pain-Insomnia-Fatigue Disturbance Cluster of Breast Cancer Patients During Adjuvant Radiation Therapy. By Ricardo Tarrasch, Narin Nard Carmel Neiderman, Sarah Ben-Ami, Bella Kaufman. April 2017 Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 24(1). DOI:10.1089/acm.2017.0023.

2016

PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS, ADOLESCENT WOMEN

Do Foot Reflexology and Relaxation Training Decrease Premenstrual Symptoms in Adolescent Females. By Marwa A. Mohamed, PT.D., Asmaa M. El Bandrawy, PT.D., Amir A. Gabr, M.D.. Int J Physiother. Vol 3(5), 522-528, October 2016 DOI https://doi.org/10.15621/ijphy/2016/v3i5/117433).

Adding foot reflexology to relaxation training had a great positive effect on premenstrual syndrome in adolescent females than relaxation training only.

OVERACTIVE BLADDER, DEPRESSION, QUALITY OF LIFE, WOMEN

Effect of Reflexology to Depressive Symptoms in Women With Overactive Bladder. By Yasemin Aydın Kartal, Ergul Aslan, Onay Yalcin. September 2016. Holistic Nursing Practice 30(5):294-300. DOI: 10. 1097 /HNP .0000000000000166

Study findings included in the study showed foot reflexology as a part of overactive bladder treatment relieved urinary and depressive symptoms and had a positive effect on quality of life.

MENOPAUSE, QUALITY OF LIFE, VASOMOTOR PROBLEMS, WOMEN
The effect of foot reflexology applied to women aged between 40 and 60 on vasomotor complaints and quality of life. By Ebru Gozuyesil, Muruvvet Baser. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Aug; 24:78-85. PMID: 27502805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.05.011

Results showed that reflexology might be effective in decreasing vasomotor problems and increasing quality of life in women in the menopausal period.

PAIN, ANXIETY, CAESAREAN DELIVERY, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Postoperative Foot Massage for Patients after Caesarean Delivery. By M Xue, L Fan, L N Ge, Y Zhang, J L Ge, J Gu, Y Wang, Y Chen. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2016 Aug; 220(4):173-8. PMID: 27509141 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-104802.

Post-operative massage intervention can reduce anxiety and pain in patients after caesarean delivery.

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS, MASTECTOMY, CANCER, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology as an Add-on Intervention on Pain Among Women Having Undergone Mastectomy. By Nivya Lukose, Sheela Pavithran, K Anu. Nurs J India. 2016 Jul; 107(4):159-162. PMID: 30695377.

The findings revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the pain scores. A statistically significant reduction in physiologic parameters was also observed.

LOW BACK PAIN, PELVIC PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effectiveness of reflexology for managing pregnancy low back and/or pelvic pain. By Ciara Close, Marlene Sinclair, Julie Mc Cullough, Dianne Liddle, Ciara Hughes. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May; 23:117-24. PMID: 26021213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.002

Results indicate it is feasible to conduct an RCT in this area, although a footbath is an unsuitable sham treatment. Reflexology may help manage pregnancy low back and/or pelvic pain; however, a fully powered trial is needed to confirm this.

LYMPHOEDEMA, BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, WOMEN

Use of reflexology in managing secondary lymphoedema for patients affected by treatments for breast cancer: A feasibility study. By Judith Whatley, Rachael Street, Sally Kay, Philip E Harris. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May; 23:1-8. PMID: 27157950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.01.002

Reflexology lymphatic drainage may be a useful intervention for breast cancer related lymphoedema although the results could not be attributed to the reflexology intervention because of research design limitations. The main conclusion was, however, that there was sufficient evidence for further research using a randomized controlled trial.

MIGRAINE HEADACHES, SLEEP, MENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS, QUALITY OF LIFE

Reflexology for Migraine Headaches - A Case Study. By Julie Wesling, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan. 2016 www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com

Weekly reflexology sessions were successful in reducing pain levels for this migraine sufferer. The case study subject went from missing 1+ days of work per month to missing zero days of work. The subject also reported increased duration and quality of sleep, an improved outlook (decreased irritability), and decreased severity in menstrual symptoms. The positive outcomes noted in this case study support further research into the use of reflexology to help migraine sufferers reduce symptoms, cope with symptoms, reduce time lost at work, and improve quality of life.

PAIN, SLEEP, POST CAESAREAN MOTHERS

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Post Operative Pain and Sleep among Post Caesarean Mothers. By Deepshikha, Vibha. Pub. by International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2016, Volume : 4, Issue : 4. 441 - 444. Print ISSN : 2347-8640. Online ISSN : 2454-2660. Article DOI : 10.5958/2454-2660.2016.00081.8

The findings of the study support the need of implementing foot reflexology to reduce post operative pain and improve sleep among post caesarean mothers. Foot reflexology is a non pharmacological, cost effective and simple intervention without any adverse effects. The results proved that the foot reflexology was effective in reducing the level of post operative pain and improving sleep.

PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, WOMEN

Comparison of Reflexology and Connective Tissue Manipulation in Participants with Primary Dysmenorrhea. By Funda Demirtürk, Zümrüt Yilar Erkek, Özgür Alparslan, Fazlı Demirtürk, Osman Demir, and Ahmet Inanir. Pub. by The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.Volume: 22 Issue 1: January 15, 2016 p. 38-44.http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0050

Menstruation-related symptoms were found to be decreased after treatment and in the following cycle with both treatments (p < 0.05) where no difference existed between the groups (p > 0.05). Both Foot Reflexology and Connective Tissue Manipulation can be used in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and menstruation-related symptoms as these methods are free from the potentially adverse effects of analgesics, noninvasive, and easy to perform.

2015

ANXIETY, PAIN, LABOR, PRIMIGRAVIDA WOMEN, PREGNANCY

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety, Pain, and Outcomes of the Labor in Primigravida Women. By Soheila Moghimi Hanjani, Zahra Mehdizadeh Tourzani, Mahnaz Shoghi. August 2015. Acta medica Iranica 53(8):507-511.

Results of this study show that reflexology reduces labor pain intensity, duration of labor, anxiety, frequency distribution of natural delivery and increases Apgar scores. Using this non-invasive technique, obstetricians can achieve, to some extent, to one of the most important goals of midwifery as pain relief and reducing anxiety during labor and encourage the mothers to have a vaginal delivery.

FATIGUE, STRESS, DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM WOMEN

Effects of Foot-Reflexology Massage on Fatigue, Stress and Postpartum Depression in Postpartum Women. [Article in Ko]. By Mi Son Choi, Eun Ja Lee. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015 Aug; 45(4):587-94. PMID: 26364533 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.587

The results show that the foot reflexology massage is an effective nursing intervention to relieve fatigue, stress, and depression for postpartum women.

LOW BACK PAIN, PELVIC PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effectiveness of reflexology for managing pregnancy low back and/or pelvic pain. By Close C, Sinclair M, Cullough JM, Liddle D, Hughes C. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May;23:117-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.002. Epub 2015 May 12. PMID: 26021213.

The reflexology group demonstrated a Clinically Important Change (CIC) in pain frequency (1.64 cm). Results indicate it is feasible to conduct an RCT in this area, although a footbath is an unsuitable sham treatment. Reflexology may help manage pregnancy-LBPP; however a fully powered trial is needed to confirm this.

FATIGUE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, WOMEN

Comparing the effects of reflexology and relaxation on fatigue in women with multiple sclerosis. By Fatemeh Nazari, Mozhgan Soheili Shahreza, Vahid Shaygannejad, Mahboubeh Valiani. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. Mar-Apr 2015; 20(2):200-4. PMID: 25878696 PMCID: PMC4387643

It seems that both interventions were effective in reducing fatigue, but the effects of reflexology on reducing fatigue were more than those of relaxation. Hence, as these two methods are effective and affordable techniques, they can be recommended.

2014

PAIN, FOOT MASSAGE, BREAST SURGERY, WOMEN

Foot massage: effectiveness on postoperative pain in breast surgery patients. By Meral Ucuzal, Nevin Kanan. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Jun; 15(2):458-65. PMID: 24882025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.03.001

The data obtained showed that foot massage in breast surgery patients was effective in postoperative pain management.

FOOT & HAND MASSAGE, PAIN, CESAREAN SECTION, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effect of foot and hand massage in post-cesarean section pain control: a randomized control trial. By Zahra Abbaspoor, Malihe Akbari, Shanaz Najar. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Mar; 15(1):132-6. PMID: 23352729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.07.008.

According to these findings, the foot and hand massage can be considered as a complementary method to reduce the pain of cesarean section effectively and to decrease the amount of medications and their side effects.

LABOR PAIN, ACUPUNCTURE, WOMEN

Comparison between Effect Acupuncture on SP6 Point and Reflexology on the Severity of First-Stage Labor Pain. By Soheila Hajighasemali, Sedigheh Amir Ali Akbari *, Alireza Akbarzadeh, Reza Heshmat. Pub. by jmj 2014, 12(4): 17-22.

This study showed that foot reflexology and acupressure at the SP6 pain are effective in reducing labor pain. Application of no pharmacologic pain reduction technique instead of the pharmacological methods to relieve labor pain recommends.

2013

LABOUR PAIN & DURATION, WOMEN

Effect of foot reflexology on pain intensity and duration of labor on primiparous. By Soheila Moghimi Hanjani, Zahra Mehdizadeh Tourzani, Mahnaz Shoghi, Golnoosh Ahmadi. Pub. by Koomesh 14(2):166-171. Jan 2013.

Reflexology can lead to decrease in labor pain as well as duration of labor. Therefore, we can use this non-invasive technique to decrease the labor pain and encourage mothers to normal vaginal delivery that is one of the aims of midwifery.

2012

QUALITY OF LIFE, BREAST CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY, HORMONAL THERAPY, WOMEN

Reflexology may be added to existing evidence-based supportive care to improve HRQOL for patients with advanced-stage breast cancer during chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy.

LABOR PAIN, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on Relieving the Labor Pain. By Jenabi, Ensiyeh and Hajiloo Mohajeran, Mina and Torkamani, Mojgan (2012). Pub. by The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 14 (8). pp. 34-38.

Massage of uterus pain place is effective in relief of labor pain but it doesn’t affect in decrease of labor duration.

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CESEREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effects of foot reflexology on pain and physiological parameters after cesarean section. By Mehrnoosh Khoshtarash, Atefeh Ghanbari, Mohammad Reza Yegane, Ehsan Kazemnejhad, Parvine Rezasoltani. Pub. by MAJALLAH-I ̒ILMĪ-I DĀNISHGĀH-I ̒ULŪM-I PIZISHKĪ-I SIMNĀN (SEP 2012)Vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 109 – 116.

In general, foot reflexology appears to be a useful method to reduce postoperative pain, but no effect on physiological parameters.

PAIN, ANXIETY, CESAREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effect Of Foot Reflexology On Pain And Anxiety In Women Following Elective Cesarean Section. By Razmjoo Nastaran, Hafizi Lotfabadi Leili, Yousefi Fatemeh*, Esmaeeli Habibolah, Azizi Hoda, Lotfalizadeh Marzieh. Pub. by IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY AND INFERTILITY APRIL 2012 , Volume 15 , Number 1; Page(s) 9 To 17.

There was no statistically significant difference in pain intensity before intervention between two groups by using t-test (p=0.814), but after intervention, the difference was significant by Man-Whitney test (p=0.004). There was not statistically significant difference between two groups regarding postoperative anxiety score (p=0.215).Conclusion: Foot reflexology proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling post cesarean pain.

BREAST CANCER, LYMPHOEDEMA, WOMEN

Reflexology for the management of secondary lymphoedema in patients affected by treatment for breast cancer: An exploratory study. By Sally Kay, Judith Whatley, Philip Harris. Pub. by European Journal of Integrative Medicine 4(3):e359–e360. Sept. 2012. DOI:10.1016/j.eujim.2012.06.016

No abstract available.

2011

PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN, LABOUR

The Effect of Reflexology on Pain Intensity and Duration of Labor on Primiparas. By M Dolatian1, A Hasanpour, Sh Montazeri, R Heshmat, and H Alavi Majd. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011 Jul; 13(7): 475–479. PMCID: PMC3371987 PMID: 22737514

Pain intensity at all the three stages of cervical dilatation was significantly lower in the reflexology group. During the 4-5 cm dilatation stage, women in the supported group reported less severe pain compared to those receiving routine care, but no significant differences at the later stages of labor. This indicates that reflexology could decrease the duration of first, second and third stages of labor. Conclusion: Our findings showed that reflexology can be useful to decrease the pain intensity as well as duration of labor.

2010

HEALING CRISIS, WOMEN

Healing crisis in reflexology: becoming worse before becoming better. By Thora Jenny Gunnarsdottir, Helga Jonsdottir. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Nov; 16(4):239-43. PMID: 20920811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.01.005

For the majority of the women the healing crisis symptoms gradually became worse before they started to decrease. This has similarities with other health professionals' accounts in the literature. Nurses and health professionals need to be aware of healing crisis effects when offering reflexology to patients.

PAIN, FOOT & HAND MASSAGE, POST CESAREAN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effectiveness of foot and hand massage in post cesarean pain control in a group of Turkish pregnant women. By Nuriye Degirmen, Nebahat Ozerdogan, Deniz Sayiner, Nedime Kosgeroglu, Unal Ayranci. Appl Nurs Res. 2010 Aug; 23(3):153-8. PMID: 20643325 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2008.08.001

Foot and hand massage proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling postoperative pain.

MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS, SERUM HORMONES, WOMEN, KORYO HAND THERAPY

Effects of Koryo hand therapy on serum hormones and menopausal symptoms in Korean women. By Hye Sook Shin. Pub. by J Transcult Nurs. . 2010 Apr;21(2):134-42. PMID: 20220033 DOI: 10.1177/1043659609357638.

Koyo hand therapy is effective in alleviating certain menopausal symptoms and affects the serum level of FSH and LH as shown by physiological evidence and participants' self-reported symptoms. Further studies are necessary to examine the effects of KHT through more objective data.

IDIOPATHIC CONSTIPATION, WOMEN

A pilot study of the effectiveness of reflexology in treating idiopathic constipation in women. By Sue Woodward, Christine Norton, K Louise Barriball. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Feb; 16(1):41-6. PMID: 20129409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.002

This study shows that in this sample reflexology has potential benefit for treating idiopathic constipation in women. Further randomised trials are required.

DYSMENORRHEA (MENSTRUAL PAIN), WOMEN

Comparing the effects of reflexology methods and Ibuprofen administration on dysmenorrhea in female students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. By Mahboubeh Valiani 1, Elaheh Babaei, Reza Heshmat, Zahra Zare. Pub. by Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2010 Dec;15(Suppl 1):371-8. PMID: 22069413 PMCID: PMC3208937

Considering the results of the study, reflexology was superior to Ibuprofen on reducing dysmenorrhea and its treatment effect continued even after discontinuing the intervention in the third cycle. Therefore, considering that reflexology is a non-invasive, easy and cheap technique, it seems that it can replace anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to avoid their adverse side effects.

LABOUR PAIN, WOMEN

Effect Of Foot Reflexology On Duration Of Labor And Severity Of First-Stage Labor Pain. By Mirzaei F., Kaviani M., Jafari Peyman. Pub by IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY AND INFERTILITY APRIL-MAY 2010 , Volume 13 , Number 1; p. 27 - 32.

Reflexology have an indisputable effect on decreasing labor pain in the first phase, whereas, it does not affect the total duration of labor.

LABOR PAIN, WOMEN

Reviewing the effect of reflexology on the pain and certain features and outcomes of the labor on the primiparous women. By Mahboubeh Valiani 1, Elaheh Shiran, Maryam Kianpour, Marziyeh Hasanpour. Pub. by Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2010 Dec;15(Suppl 1):302-10. PMID: 22069404 PMCID: PMC3208928

Reflexology can lead to decrease in the labor pain. Therefore, regarding to the safety of this technique, it can be replaced as an alternative for pharmacological methods.

2009

PREGNANCY, PRECONCEPTION, WOMEN

Reflexology in preconception and pregnancy. By Margaret Hensman. Pract Midwife. Jul-Aug 2009; 12(7):17-9. PMID: 19653386

No Abstract Available.

STRESS, FATIGUE, BLOOD CIRCULATION, PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue and blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women. [Article in Ko] By Soo Hyun Jang, Kye Ha Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009 Oct; 39(5):662-72. PMID: 19901496 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.662

The results showed that self-foot reflexology was effective in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and helped blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women. Conclusion: Self-foot reflexology may be an effective nursing intervention in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and in improving blood circulation.

ENDOMETRIOSIS, PELVIC/ABDOMINAL PAIN, HEADACHES,

Endometriosis and Reflexology - A Case Study. By Kristen Toth certified reflexologist, licensed massage therapist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology.

It is of course not possible to generalize from this case study as to the results reflexology might have on the entire population of women with endometriosis. The effectiveness shown in this study does, however, stand in support of continued exploration of reflexology’s application. It is easy to conclude that reflexology—a safe, non-invasive healing modality that addresses and supports a woman’s health in its constitution and not solely in its symptoms—is worthy of vigorous medical research focused on its ability to effectively address endometriosis.

2008

OVULATION, WOMEN

The effectiveness of foot reflexology in inducing ovulation: a sham-controlled randomized trial. By Jane Holt, Jonathan Lord, Umesh Acharya, Adrian White, Nyree O'Neill, Steve Shaw, Andy Barton. Fertil Steril. 2009 Jun; 91(6):2514-9. PMID: 18565520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.016

Patient blinding of reflexology studies is feasible. Although this study was too small to reach a definitive conclusion on the specific effect of foot reflexology, the results suggest that any effect on ovulation would not be clinically relevant. Sham reflexology may have a beneficial general effect, which this study was not designed to detect.

2007

IDIOPATHIC DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY, URINARY BLADDER, WOMEN

Randomized controlled trial of foot reflexology for patients with symptomatic idiopathic detrusor overactivity. By Ho-Leung Jimmy Mak, Willy Cecilia Cheon, To Wong, Yu Sun John Liu, Wai Mei Anny Tong. Pub. by Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007 Jun;18(6):653-8. PMID: 17003953 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-006-0222-7

There was significant change in the number of daytime frequency in the reflexology group when compared with the massage group. In the reflexology group, more patients believed to have received "true" reflexology. This reflects the difficulty of blinding in trials of reflexology. Larger scale studies with a better-designed control group and an improved blinding are required to examine if reflexology is effective in improving patients' overall outcome.

FATIGUE, PREGNANT WOMEN

The effect of sole reflexology on severity of fatigue in pregnant women. By Pourghaznein T, Ghafari F. Pub. by Journal of Hayat. 2007; 12 (4) :5-11
URL: http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.html

According to the results of this study It is suggested that sole reflexology might have beneficial effects on reducing fatigue in pregnant women, and can be recommended as a nursing intervention program for this persons.

BODY WEIGHT, EDEMA, SERUM LIPIDS, POSTPARTUM WOMEN

Effects of Foot-Reflexology Massage on Body Weight, Lower Extremity Edema and Serum Lipids in Postpartum Women. By Park, Shim-Hoon. Pub. by Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages. 105-114 2007.

There was a statistically significant decrease in levels of TG in blood serum in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Foot reflexology massage is a useful nursing intervention that decreases serum lipids level in postpartum women. Therefore foot reflexology massage is recommended as a nursing intervention strategy for serum lipids reduction in postpartum women.

2006

DEPRESSION, STRESS, IMMUNE, WOMEN

Effect of Self-Foot Reflexology massage on Depression, Stress Responses and Immune Functions of Middle Aged Women. By Yun Mi Lee. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Feb. 2006; 36(1): 179-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.1.179

There was a statistically significant difference in depression, perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, natural-killer cells and Ig G. However, there was not a statistically significant difference in dyastolic blood pressure, pulse or serum cortisol. Conclusion: These results suggest that a self-foot reflexology massage could be utilized as an effective nursing intervention to reduce depression and stress responses, and to strengthen immune systems in middle-aged women.

2005

NAUSEA, VOMITING, FATIGUE, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The effects of foot reflexology on nausea, vomiting and fatigue of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. By Jin-Hyang Yang. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Feb;35(1):177-85. PMID: 15778569 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.177

Foot reflexology was effective on nausea, vomiting and fatigue in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in this study. Therefore, foot reflexology can be usefully utilized as a nursing intervention in the field of cancer nursing for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

2004

PREGNANCY, MIDWIFERY, WOMEN

Implementing reflexology into midwifery practice. By Lyndall Mollart. Aust J Holist Nurs. 2004 Apr; 11(1):37-44. PMID: 19175276

This paper reports on a small quantitative study of midwives who had undertaken a midwifery reflexology course in NSW, Australia. In particular, it examines some of the barriers and influences which affect implementing knowledge into practice.

2003

PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS, WOMEN

Reflexology relieves PMS symptoms. By Hansen L, Sietam K, Eriksen L. In: Proceedings of the RiEN Conference, Italy. [Conducted by FDZ society of Reflexology, Funen County Denmark]

2002

PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS, MENOPAUSE, WOMEN

Randomised controlled trial of reflexology for menopausal symptoms. By Jan Williamson, Adrian White, Anna Hart, Edzard Ernst. BJOG 2002 Sep; 109(9):1050-5. PMID: 12269681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01504.x

Foot reflexology was not shown to be more effective than non-specific foot massage in the treatment of psychological symptoms occurring during the menopause.

Has reflexology effect on women suffering from PCO/PCOS: pilot study. By Grinsted, Schumann L. Danske Zoneterapeuter (FDZ).

1996

PREGNANCY, WOMEN

The use of complementary therapies in midwifery practice: a focus on reflexology. By D Tiran. . Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 1996 Apr; 2(2):32-7. PMID: 9439270 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-6117(96)80060-6.

This paper introduces the use of complementary therapies within midwifery practice, and particularly focuses on reflexology. Case reports illustrate instances in which reflexology has been successful for childbearing women. Some of the issues pertinent to midwives are explored.

1995

INFERTILITY, WOMEN

Has Reflexology an Effect on Infertility? By Eriksen, L., Danish Reflexologists Association Research Committee Report, 1995, first reported in 1990 .

Some participants did experience changes while receiving reflexology for infertility, but no scientific conclusions can be drawn.

1993

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, WOMEN

Randomized Controlled Study of Premenstrual Symptoms Treated With Ear, Hand, and Foot Reflexology. By Oleson, Terry PhD; Flocco, William.. Obstetrics & Gynecology: December 1993 - Volume 82 - Issue 6 - p 906-911.

Analysis of variance for repeated measures demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in premenstrual symptoms for the women given true reflexology treatment than for the women in the placebo group. Conclusion: These clinical findings support the use of ear, hand, and foot reflexology for the treatment of PMS.