REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH – PHYSIOLOGICAL

2023

PAIN, VITAL SIGNS, ABDOMINAL SURGERY, PATIENT SATISFACTION

A randomized controlled trial of reflexology effect after abdominal surgery on patient satisfaction, pain and vital signs. By Kapıkıran G, Bulbuloglu S, Gunes H, Saritaş S, Demir B. Pub. by Explore (NY). 2023 Jul-Aug;19(4):565-570. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.10.017. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36335059.

The results of our study emphasize the power of reflexology in effective surgical pain management and normalizing vital signs and increasing patient satisfaction. We suggest that reflexology be performed to patients following abdominal surgery.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, GASTRIC PRESSURE, NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISM

Effects of plantar pressure stimulation on autonomic nervous function ―Examination of the neurological mechanism of Reflexology― By Tomomi Narushima, Noraini Azlin Binti Mohd Amin, Mayura Shimura, Eitaro Noguchi. Pub. by Autonomic Nervous System. Vol. 60 (2023) Iss 1. p. 54-62. DOI https://doi.org/10.32272/ans.60.1_54.

Using the response to blood pressure, heart rate, and gastric pressure of pressure stimulation to localized areas of the plantar as indices, the results of nerve amputation of the afferent and centrifugal tracts revealed that plantar point pressure stimulation is input from somatosensory nerves and induces a reflex response using multiple autonomic nerves as the centrifugal path. But the existence of reflex zones could not be clarified.

HEARING LOSS, INFANT, fMRI CASE STUDY.

Effects of foot reflexology on an infant with Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) case study. By Lee Y, Chen M, HaoYan. Pub. by Research Square; 2023. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2710677/v1.

Compared with SNHL infants who did not undergo foot reflexology, an SNHL infant treated with foot reflexology exhibited increased regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, and thalamus and decreased ReHo inthe bilateral occipital cortex. This suggests that foot reflexology influences hubs of the brain networks responsible for language and auditory processing. Differences in these areas have clinical significance and may be helpful for treating infants with SNHL.A large-scale, randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these findings.

2022

ANXIETY, PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, TIBIA PLAQUE SURGERY

The effect of foot reflexology massage on overt anxiety and physiological parameters of patients undergoing tibia plaque surgery. By Imani F, Nasiri E, Akbari H, Safdari M. Pub. by Journal of Hayat 2022; 28 (2) :148-160. URL: http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-4504-en.html

Foot reflexology massage can reduce overt anxiety and improve physiological parameters of patients undergoing tibia plaque surgery. Therefore, this method can be used for reducing anxiety in the patients candidate for orthopedic surgery.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE, PULSE OXYGEN SATURATION.

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Vital Signs: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. By Yunyan Jing, Shanxin Liu, Chunqi Pan, Ying Jian, Mingwei Wang, Bin Ni. Pub. by Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022 Sep 13;2022:4182420. PMID: 36147645 PMCID: PMC9489354 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4182420

Short-term followup results showed that foot reflexology exerted significant positive effects on vital signs, reduced blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate and increased pulse oxygen saturation.

SMOKING CESSATION, BRAIN ACTIVITIES, FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)

The Effects of Foot Reflexology for Smoking Cessation on Brain Activities with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): A Pilot Study. By Pisit Wattanaruangkowit, Sombat Muengtaweepongsa, Mondha Kengganpanich, Tharadol Kengganpanich. Pub. by Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Jul 9;2022:1727479. PMID: 35855825 PMCID: PMC9288274 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1727479

The fMRI of the brain is feasible and safe for demonstrating foot reflexology reactions. The response signal outside the correlated motor-sensory cortical area with foot reflexology may have clinical significance and may be helpful for smoking cessation. We suggest conducting a large-scale, randomized controlled trial to confirm these findings.

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE VARIABILITY, HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

Cardiovascular effects of reflexology in healthy individuals: evidence for a specific increase in blood pressure. By Elisabeth Ruiz Padial, Nieves Torres López, Javier Luna Bujaldón, Isabel Espadas Villanueva, Gustavo Reyes del Paso. Pub. by Alternative Medicine Studies Vol. 2, No. 1. (2012) https://doi.org/10.4081/ams.2012.e4

Reflexology specifically produces an increase in blood pressure, which increases gradually over the three sessions. The parallel increase in heart rate variability and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity together with the increase in blood pressure suggest that reflexology is associated with a co-activation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous System

2021

PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, LEUKEMIA, CHILDREN,

The effects of foot reflexology on pain and physiological indicators in children with leukemia under chemotherapy: a clinical trial study. By Fereshteh Ghaljaei, Alia Jalalodini. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2021 Dec 30; 26(6):955-961. PMID: 34992868 PMCID: PMC8726439 DOI: 10.5603/RPOR.a2021.0116

The results showed that foot reflexology had a significant effect on reducing pain (p = 0.002) and improving physiological indicators [blood pressure (p = 0.002) and heart rate (p = 0.003)]. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, which shows the positive effect of foot reflexology on the improvement of pain and physiological indicators, foot reflexology can be used as a complementary treatment along with conventional therapies.

ANXIETY, STRESS, CORTISOL LEVELS, CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY & ANGIOGRAPHY

The Effect of Foot Reflexology Applied Before Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty on Anxiety, Stress, and Cortisol Levels of Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Birgül Vural Doğru, Fisun ŞenuzunAykar, Yasemin Yıldırım, Oğuz Yavuzgil, Eser Sözmen, Hikmet Memmedov. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2021 Sep-Oct 01; 36(5):461-469. PMID: 32530869 DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000700

The application of reflexology before coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty reduces the levels of anxiety, stress, and cortisol without any side effects.

PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS, BILIRUBIN LEVELS, NEW BORN INFANTS

Comparison of the effect of foot reflexology and body massage on physiological indicators and bilirubin levels in neonates under phototherapy. By Zahra Jazayeri Mahbobeh Sajadi, Hamid Dalvand, Mohammadreza Zolfaghari. Complement Ther Med. 2021 Jun; 59:102684. PMID: 33609634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102684

The results showed that reflexology and massage therapy can be effective in improving the condition of physiological indicators and blood bilirubin levels.

PAIN, ANXIETY, VITAL SIGNS, VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE (TAKING BLOOD SAMPLE), HAND MASSAGE

Effect of Hand Massage on Pain, Anxiety, and Vital Signs in Patients Before Venipuncture Procedure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Saadet Erzincanli, Kadriye Sayin Kasar. Pain Manag Nurs. 2021 Jun; 22(3):356-360. PMID: 33472757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.12.005

Hand massage was found to be a simple, non-pharmacologic, inexpensive, and independent nursing practice that could be used to reduce anxiety and positively affect vital signs in patients before venipuncture procedure.

PAIN, COMFORT, BETA ENDORPHIN LEVELS, LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Pain, Comfort and Beta Endorphin Levels in Patients with Liver Transplantation: A randomized control trial. By Kapikiran, Gurkan & Ozkan, Meral. (2021). Pub. by European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 45. 101344. 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101344.

Pain levels of the patients who underwent foot reflexology decreased more than the patients who did not undergo reflexology, and their beta endorphin and comfort levels increased more. Reflexology can be used as a non pharmacological treatment option offered in post-operative nursing care.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

The effects of foot reflexology on blood pressure and heart rate: A randomized clinical trial in stage-2 hypertensive patients. By Praew Kotruchin MD, PhD,Supap Imoun MSN,Thapanawong Mitsungnern MD,Patcharin Aountrai MSN,Maneenuch Domthaisong MSN,Kazuomi Kario MD, PhD. J Hypertens. 2021; 23, 3: 680-686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14103

Foot reflexology was effective in reducing heart rate in stage-2 HT patients and was partially effective in reducing blood pressure. It is noninvasive and can be performed in a short period of time as a complementary therapy.

2020

ANXIETY, VITAL SIGNS, COMFORT, HAND MASSAGE, CATARACT SURGERY

The Effect of Hand Massage Before Cataract Surgery on Patient Anxiety and Comfort: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Ayşe Uyar Çavdar, Emel Yılmaz, Hakan Baydur. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020 Feb; 35(1):54-59. PMID: 31551136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2019.06.012

Hand massage reduced the anxiety of patients, positively affected their vital signs, and increased their comfort.

PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, WOMEN

Effectiveness of Multi Interventional Package on Selected Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome among Women - A Pilot Study. By Elizabeth, Attonassary Jose, Aruna, Swaminathan, Mercy, Parayidathil Joseph. Pub. by J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.50 No.4, 52. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20012

The study results substantiate that 12 weeks of Multi Interventional Package (MIP) as well as Lifestyle Interventions (LI) significantly improved the physiological, biochemical and socio-psychological parameters of metabolic syndrome among women. MIP is effective to control body weight, BMI, BP, HDL, triglycerides and FBS and to increase knowledge on MS. Considering the limitations of the study, there is a need for more comprehensive studies with large sample size to generalize the findings.

PREGNANCY, EDEMA, WOMEN

Comparing the Effect of Foot Massage with Grape Seed Oil and Sweet Almond Oil on Physiological Leg Edema in Primigravidae: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Maryam Navaee, Marzieh Rakhshkhorshid. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Jan 13; 2020:6835814. PMID: 32419817 PMCID: PMC7201824 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6835814.

The findings of this study confirmed the effectiveness of foot massage using grape seed and sweet almond oils to reduce pregnancy physiological edema. Therefore, foot massage with appropriate oils, can be used as a useful technique by trained midwives in prenatal care centres or at pregnant women houses.

2019

PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY, COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Increased Parasympathetic Activity by Foot Reflexology Massage after Repeated Sprint Test in Collegiate Football Players: A Randomised Controlled Trial. By Chen YS, Lu WA, Clemente FM, Bezerra JP, Kuo CD. Pub. by Sports (Basel). 2019 Nov 3;7(11):228. doi: 10.3390/sports7110228. PMID: 31684198; PMCID: PMC6915539.

The Foot Reflexology Massage intervention resulted in beneficial effects on the cardiac parasympathetic reactivity and the sympatho-vagal balance after repeated sprint ability performance.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS, EEG ACTIVITY, HAND & FOOT MASSAGE, SENIORS

Effect of Hand and Foot Massage Therapy on Psychological Factors and EEG Activity in Elderly People Requiring Long-Term Care: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. By Hideki Nakano, Takayuki Kodama, Tomohiro Ueda, Ikuko Mori, Tomiko Tani, Shin Murata. Brain Sci. 2019 Mar 4; 9(3):54. PMID: 30836612 PMCID: PMC6468439 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9030054.

This study suggests that hand and foot massage therapy modulate psychological factors and EEG activity in elderly people requiring long-term care.

AUTISM, PHYSIOLOGY

Foot massage evokes oxytocin release and activation of orbitofrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus. By Qin Li, Benjamin Becker, Jennifer Wernicke, Yuanshu Chen, Yingying Zhang, Rui Li, Jiao Le, Juan Kou, Weihua Zhao, Keith M. Kendrick. Pub. by Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 101, March 2019, Pages 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.016

Massage by hand induced changes in both oxytocin concentrations and neural circuits involved in processing social affective trust may have therapeutic potential in the context of autism.

2018

FOOT MASSAGE, PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, VITAL SIGNS, CHOLECYSTECTOMY (GALL BLADDER REMOVAL).

Effect of Classic Foot Massage on Vital Signs, Pain, and Nausea/Vomiting Symptoms After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. By Askeri Çankaya, Serdar Saritaş. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2018 Dec; 28(6):359-365. PMID: 30312194 DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000586.

Classic foot massage may serve as an affordable and useful way to help improve pain, nausea, and blood circulation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

ANXIETY, PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES, CARDIAC CARE PATIENTS

Effect of hand reﬂexology on anxiety and physiological variables among patients hospitalized in the cardiac care unit: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. By Zohre Rahmani, Nahid Rejeh, Majideh Heravi-Karimooi, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, Mojtaba Vaismoradi. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 2018, Vol. 8, No. 4.

Hand reﬂexology inﬂuenced the level of anxiety. Therefore, nurses can use hand reﬂexology as a method for reducing patients’ anxiety along with other nursing interventions.

ANXIETY, PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

Effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and physiological parameters in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A clinical trial. By Yaser Abbaszadeh, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Alehe Seyyedrasooli, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Sakineh Goljarian, Naser Safaei. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May; 1:220-228. PMID: 29705459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.02.018

This study indicated that foot reflexology may be used by nurses as an adjunct to standard ICU care to reduce anxiety and stabilize physiological parameters such as systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate.

ANXIETY, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Effect of hand and foot surface stroke massage on anxiety and vital signs in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. By Hasheminia Seyyed Alimohammad , Zahra Ghasemi, Salehi Shahriar, Sedehi Morteza, Khaledifar Arsalan. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May; 31:126-131. PMID: 29705444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.01.012

2017

SLEEP, RELAXATION, BRAIN WAVES

Reflexology and polysomnography: Changes in cerebral wave activity induced by reflexology promote N1 and N2 sleep stages. By Esmel-Esmel N., Tomás-Esmel E., Tous-Andreu M., Bové-Ribé A., Jiménez- Herrera M.. May 2017 Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. DOI:10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.003

The application of reflexology induces changes in the activity of brain waves in correspondence with the appearance of a high degree of sleepiness and sleep (N1 and N2 NREM sleep). There is a gradual transition and an orderly progression from wakefulness to sleep, which could explain the effects of relaxation and well-being obtained with this method, as well as many other benefits.

DEPRESSION, STRESS, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD GLUCOSE, FOOT MASSAGE, WOMEN

Effects of Combined Foot Massage and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on the Stress Response in Middle-Aged Women. By Young Mi Lee, Young Ran Yeun. J Altern Complement Med. 2017 Jun; 23(6):445-450. PMID: 28467116 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0421

Combined self-administered foot massage and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy led to reductions in depression, stress, systolic blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Therefore, the intervention could be an effective means of reducing the stress response in middle-aged women.

ANXIETY, PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, BRONCHOSCOPY

The effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and physiological parameters among candidates for bronchoscopy: A randomized controlled trial. By Hooman Shahsavari, Marzieh Ebrahimi Eshrat Abad, Mir Saeed Yekaninejad. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.05.008, 12, (177-181), (2017).

Foot reflexology alleviates anxiety and improves physiological parameters among the candidates for bronchoscopy. Consequently, it may be used as a non-invasive non-pharmacological remedy for subjects who are on the waiting lists for invasive diagnostic procedures such as bronchoscopy.

SLEEP, RELAXATION

2016

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS, MASTECTOMY, CANCER, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology as an Add-on Intervention on Pain Among Women Having Undergone Mastectomy. By Nivya Lukose, Sheela Pavithran, K Anu. Nurs J India. 2016 Jul; 107(4):159-162. PMID: 30695377.

The findings revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the pain scores. A statistically significant reduction in physiologic parameters was also observed.

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Physiological and Therapeutic Effects of Reflexology in Iran A Systematic Review. By Khalili N, Eyvanbagha R, Nazari N, Savadpoor M, Soleymanifard P, Khalili Z. Depiction of Health 2016; 7(1): 49-61.

The results of this study showed the positive effect of reflexology on various diseases and disorders. Although reflexology cannot be used as a replacement treatment but it can be concluded that it is an alternative treatment and relaxing and rewarding experience. It is suggested that future studies are conducted with more accurate sampling method, larger sample size and following the principles of CONSORT.

2015

PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS, MECHANICAL VENTILATION, OPEN HEART SURGERY

The effect of foot reflexology on physiologic parameters and mechanical ventilation weaning time in patients undergoing open-heart surgery: A clinical trial study. By Abbas Ebadi, Parastoo Kavei, Seyyed Tayyeb Moradian Yaser Saeid. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015 Aug; 21(3):188-92. PMID: 26256138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.07.001

The study groups did not differ significantly in terms of physiological parameters (P value > 0.05).The study findings demonstrated the efficiency of foot reflexology in shortening the length of weaning time.

PAIN, SLEEP, VITAL SIGNS, FATIGUE, LIVER DISEASE/TRANSPLANT

Reflexology after End-Stage Liver Disease and Liver Transplant - A Case Study. By Cristina Posse, PHD, OTR/L Florida-licensed occupational therapist OT13544 Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. https://academyofancientreflexology.com/

The nature of this case study renders results that are only descriptive and subjective and no causality or correlation can be assumed. However, upon final interview, subject reported he felt very relaxed when getting home after sessions; he also said “it kind of helped my thinking” when referring to increased sharpness for playing chess in two opportunities – one with brother and one online match. Vital signs records and pain levels before and after sessions were mostly decreased. Sleep quality did not have noticeable changes, nor did fatigue or mood changes, but more studies are needed to determine statistical significance of the effects of reflexology on these variables for differ populations.

2014

STRESS, FOOT MASSAGE, DEMENTIA

Foot massage and physiological stress in people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. By Wendy Moyle, Marie Louise Cooke, Elizabeth Beattie, David H K Shum, Siobhan T O'Dwyer, Sue Barrett, Billy Sung. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 Apr; 20(4):305-11. PMID: 24047244 PMCID: PMC3994911 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0177

While the findings do not provide strong support for foot massage, the finding that both conditions allowed the person with dementia to rest in the presence of another human being is of importance in the care of people with dementia. The close presence of another person may in fact promote relaxation and therefore improve BP and HR measures.

PHYSIOLOGICAL & BIOCHEMICAL OUTCOMES

The Physiological and Biochemical Outcomes Associated with a Reflexology Treatment: A Systematic Review. By J. E. M. McCullough, S. D. Liddle, M. Sinclair, C. Close, and C. M. Hughes. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2014: 502123. DOI: 10.1155/2014/502123 PMCID: PMC4026838 PMID: 24883067

It is still unclear from this review precisely how reflexology impacts physiological and biochemical parameters. It illustrates the need for further research into the use, efficacy, and mode of action of reflexology with well-designed, high quality RCTs, if indeed RCTs are a suitable mode of investigation.

2013

HEMODYNAMIC EFFECT, BLOOD SUPPLY

Is there a specific hemodynamic effect in reflexology? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. By Jenny Jones, Patricia Thomson, Kathleen Irvine, Stephen J Leslie. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Apr; 19(4):319-28. PMID: 23072265 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0854

This systematic review found that although reflexology has been shown to have an effect on selected hemodynamic variables, the lack of methodological control for nonspecific general massage effects means that there is little convincing evidence at this time to suggest the existence of a specific treatment-related hemodynamic effect. Furthermore, the review found that few studies of reflexology controlled for nonspecific effects in order to isolate any specific active component, despite the hemodynamic claim being a key part of the therapeutic value of reflexology. Therefore, further research approaches using more innovative designs and robust methods that can allow a treatment-induced, therapeutically beneficial hemodynamic effect to reveal itself are needed to help reflexology purchasers make a more informed decision about the safety and product quality of the reflexology hemodynamic claim and for reflexologists to be able to guarantee minimum product quality, validity, and safety standards in their practice.

ANXIETY, MOOD, BLOOD PRESSURE, LONG TERM CARE STAFF

The effect of foot massage on long-term care staff working with older people with dementia: a pilot, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. By Wendy Moyle, Marie Cooke, Siobhan T O'Dwyer, Jenny Murfield, Amy Johnston, Billy Sung. BMC Nurs. 2013 Feb 18; 12:5. PMID: 23414448 PMCID: PMC3598869 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6955-12-5.

The pilot demonstrated the foot massage intervention showed trends in improved mood, reduced anxiety and lower blood pressure in long-term care staff working with older people with dementia. A larger study is needed to build on these promising, but preliminary, findings.

2012

STRESS, BLOOD PRESSURE, FATIGUE, WOMEN

Effects of aroma self-foot reflexology massage on stress and immune responses and fatigue in middle-aged women in rural areas. [Article in Ko]. By Ja Ok Kim, In Sook Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012 Oct; 42(5):709-18. PMID: 23221660 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.709.

Aroma self-foot reflexology massage can be utilized as an effective intervention for perceived stress, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and fatigue in middle-aged woman in rural areas.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, OXYGEN SATURATION, CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS

Effect Of ‘Foot Massage And Reflexology’ On Physiological Parameters Of Critically Ill Patients. By Jasvir Kaur, Sukhpal Kaur, Neera Bhardwaj. Nursing & Midwifery Research Journal. Published 21 July 2012. http://doi.org/10.33698/NRF0140

During the controlled observations there was no significant difference in any of the physiological parameters. There was significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure, increase in diastolic blood pressure, reduction in the heart rate and improvement in the oxygen saturation in some interventional observations after the intervention. But, no statistically significant difference was found on the abnormal category of the blood pressure and heart rate. So, because of the positive results of the intervention, the nurse practitioners may be trained about the technique of foot massage and reflexology.

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CESEREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effects of foot reflexology on pain and physiological parameters after cesarean section. By Mehrnoosh Khoshtarash, Atefeh Ghanbari, Mohammad Reza Yegane, Ehsan Kazemnejhad, Parvine Rezasoltani. Pub. by MAJALLAH-I ̒ILMĪ-I DĀNISHGĀH-I ̒ULŪM-I PIZISHKĪ-I SIMNĀN (SEP 2012)Vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 109 – 116.

In general, foot reflexology appears to be a useful method to reduce postoperative pain, but no effect on physiological parameters.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD CIRCULATION

The adaptive mechanisms of cardio- and angioprotective action of reflexotherapy. [Article in Russian]. By S A Radzievskiĭ, I P Bobrovnitskiĭ, T S Solodovnikova, L G Agasarov, I A Bokova, É M Orekhova, T V Konchugova, T V Luk'ianova. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. Jan-Feb 2013; (1):55-9. PMID: 23520929

Clinical investigations demonstrated significant hypothensive, anti-ishemic and anti-arrhythmic effects of reflexotherapy, improved resistance of healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular diseases to physical and emotional loadings.

2011

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, VAGAL MODULATION, BLOOD PRESSURE,

Foot reflexology can increase vagal modulation, decrease sympathetic modulation, and lower blood pressure in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. By Wan-An Lu, Gau-Yang Chen, Cheng-Deng Kuo. Altern. Ther. Health Med. Jul-Aug 2011; 17(4):8-14. PMID: 22314629

Foot reflexology may be used as an efficient adjunct to the therapeutic regimen to increase the vagal modulation and decrease blood pressure in both healthy people and coronary artery disease patients.

BLOOD PRESSURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, HEALTHY ADULTS

The effect of reflexology on the autonomic nervous system in healthy adults: a feasibility study. By C M Hughes, S Krirsnakriengkrai, S Kumar, S M McDonough. Altern Ther Health Med. May-Jun 2011; 17(3):32-7. PMID: 22164810.

This study has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting an experimental study on the effect of reflexology in stress using blood pressure as the primary outcome measure. Results from such a study would address the lack of high-quality evidence for the physiological effects of reflexology.

2009

STRESS, FATIGUE, BLOOD CIRCULATION, PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Effects of self-foot reflexology on stress, fatigue and blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women. [Article in Ko] By Soo Hyun Jang, Kye Ha Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009 Oct; 39(5):662-72. PMID: 19901496 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.662

The results showed that self-foot reflexology was effective in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and helped blood circulation in premenopausal middle-aged women. Conclusion: Self-foot reflexology may be an effective nursing intervention in reducing perceived stress and fatigue and in improving blood circulation.

BIOPSIES, FOOT DEPOSITS, NERVOUS SYSTEM, VARIANCES BETWEEN TISSUES

Biopsies of Foot Deposits Reveal Organic Composition and Mechanism of Action for Reflexology by Dr. Jesus Manzanares, M.D.. Self - published 2009. http://www.manzanaresmethod.com

This anatomical-pathological study reveals the neuro-biochemical character of reflexology.

2007

ANXIETY, CARDIOVASCULAR, SALIVORY CORTISOL, MELATONIN, STRESS
Evaluation of anxiety, salivary cortisol and melatonin secretion following reflexology treatment: a pilot study in healthy individuals. By A J McVicar, C R Greenwood, F Fewell, V D'Arcy, S Chandrasekharan, L C Alldridge. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2007 Aug;13(3):137-45. PMID: 17631256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2006.11.001

Reflexology had a powerful anxiety-reduction effect ('state'; P<0.001) but no significant effect on underlying anxiety ('trait'). Cardiovascular parameters decreased (P<0.001). Baseline salivary cortisol and melatonin were not significantly correlated with self reported anxiety scores and did not change significantly following reflexology. Reflexology reduced 'state' anxiety and cardiovascular activity within healthy individuals, consistent with stress-reduction.

BODY WEIGHT, EDEMA, SERUM LIPIDS, POSTPARTUM WOMEN

Effects of Foot-Reflexology Massage on Body Weight, Lower Extremity Edema and Serum Lipids in Postpartum Women. By Park, Shim-Hoon. Pub. by Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages. 105-114 2007.

There was a statistically significant decrease in levels of TG in blood serum in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Foot reflexology massage is a useful nursing intervention that decreases serum lipids level in postpartum women. Therefore foot reflexology massage is recommended as a nursing intervention strategy for serum lipids reduction in postpartum women.

BRAIN, fMRI STUDY

Comparison of Foot Reflexology and Electro-Acupuncture: An fMRI study. By Annie M. Tang, Geng Li, Edward S. Yang, Pub. by The Jockey Club MRI Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 474 TH-PM; Presented at Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping http://www.humanbrainmapping.org; NeuroImage 31 (2006) 237

2005

BLOOD FLOW, BLOOD CIRCULATION

Global Effect Of Reflexology On Blood Flow. By Piquemal, M., 10th ICR Conference in Amsterdam, September, 2005. The article originally appeared in the ICR Newsletter, (March 2006), Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 18-19.

Reflexology appears (at least for the lung, liver, stomach, pancreas and intestines) to be a good therapy for regulating functional blood disturbance to these organs.

BLOOD PRESSURE, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, QUALITY OF LIFE, COBBLESTONE MAT WALKING, SENIORS

Improving physical function and blood pressure in older adults through cobblestone mat walking: a randomized trial. By Fuzhong Li 1, K John Fisher, Peter Harmer. Pub. by J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Aug;53(8):1305-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53407.x.

Cobblestone mat walking improved physical function and reduced blood pressure to a greater extent than conventional walking in older adults. Additional benefits of this walking program included improved health-related quality of life. This new physical activity may provide a therapeutic and health-enhancing exercise alternative for older adults.

PHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS

The physiological basis of reflexology and its use as a potential diagnostic tool. By Denise Tiran, Harry Chummun. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Volume 11, Issue 1, February 2005, Pages 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctnm.2004.07.007.

Several research publications have identified possible theories and principles for the mechanism of action of reflexology, but more research to explain its contribution in identifying ill-health and diseases, as well as appropriate treatment modalities, is needed. This paper explores the physiological basis of reflexology, some of the theories for the mechanism of action and its potential as a diagnostic tool.

BRAIN, fMRI STUDY

Brain Activation at Temporal Lobe Induced by Foot Reflexology: an fMRI Study. By Tang Annie M., Li Geng., Chan C.C., Wong K.K.K., Li R. and Edward Yang Pub. by 11th Annual NeuroImage Meeting. 2005, 1445. (Publication No. :102229)

BRAIN, fMRI STUDY

Vision Related Reflex Zone at the Feet: An fMRI Study. By Tang M.Y., Li G., Chan C.C., Wong K.K.K., Li R. and Yang E.S.. Pub. by 11th Annual NeuroImage Meeting. 2005, 1431. (Publication No. : 102226)

2004

HYPERTENSION, QUALITY OF LIFE

Effects of Foot Reflexology on Essential Hypertension Patients. By Park HS., Cho GY., Psan 602-739, Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004 Aug; 34(5):739-50.

Foot Reflexology was shown to be an effective nursing intervention to decrease systolic pressure and triglyceride levels, but not the blood cholesterol levels. Further research is needed to evaluate blood cholesterol in a larger group of subjects and for a longer period and to compare and evaluate effects of self-foot reflexology and foot reflexology.

BLOOD CIRCULATION, COLD EXTREMITIES

Clinical Observation of the Therapeutic Effect of Reflexology in Treating the Coldness of Extremities. By Sugiura, K., Matsumoto, N., 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 4-7.

The treatment of 11 cases was remarkably effective; while 7 cases were effective. The reflexology not only relieves the coldness of the end of extremities, but also alleviates or gets rid of the other associated symptoms.

LIVER, PORTAL FLOW OF BLOOD

Preliminary Exploration on the Improvement of Portal Blood Flow by Reflexology in the Treatment of Moderate and Serious Fatty Liver. By Ying, M., 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 23-24.

Obvious increase in liver portal blood flow speed and blood flow speed to feet and liver portal all increased remarkably. The increase would help to improve the fat infiltration into liver cells; reduce the pressure of liver sinusoid; reduce the resistance, thus helping to bring about recovery. Reflexology might play a positive and complementary role in the prevention and treatment of fatty liver cases.

2003

DIABETES MELLITUS, PULSE RATE, FATIGUE, MOOD STATUS, BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

Effect of Foot Reflex Massage on Stress Responses, and Glucose Level of Non-Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus Patients. By Kim KS., Korean J Rehabil Nurs. 2003 Dec 6 (2) 152-163.

Foot reflexology is shown to improve pulse rate, general fatigue, foot fatigue and mood status in diabetes patients. Further research is needed to explore the effect of decreasing of blood glucose levels.

2002

RELIABILITY OF SMALL INTESTINE, HEART REFLEXES

Comparative Analysis Of 115 Cases Of Positive Signs Of Heart Reflex And Small Intestine Reflex In Comparison With ECG. By Hu, G., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 10-11.

Among 115 cases that had positive signs on their Heart reflex and Small Intestine reflex, 92 cases had suffered from different types of heart diseases verified by ECG. While 23 cases had normal ECG results, further examination showed that 19 cases of those 23 had hypertension, and 4 cases had cerebral vascular disease, all of them closely related with the Heart. The result also indicated that the tenderness on the Small Intestine reflex increased in parallel with that of the Heart reflex.

BLOOD, SERUM LEVEL CHANGES, SENIORS

The effect of Reflexotherapy on the Changes of Serum IL-1B, IL-6 mRNA Gene Expression: A Clinical and Experimental Study. By Qiang, Z., Ping, W., Bo, S., Kefeng, N., Zhixing, W., Huasong, L., Dong, S., Zhenxiang, L., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 49-53.

The old groups showed higher levels of IL-1B, IL-6 content compared to the young groups. Both II-1B, and IL-6 content in the Old Therapy Group decreased significantly after reflexotherapy. The young people showed no significant changes of serum IL-1B, IL-6 content and reflexotherapy can be a promising method for anti-aging.

HYPERTENSION, BLOOD INDEXES

Clinical Observation of influence on Blood Indexes by Reflexotherapy. By Donghua, M., Haiming, H., Hui, Z., Lingling, L., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 65-66

Reflexotherapy could decrease the value of Triglyceride (Tc) and increase that of High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDLC), which could be beneficial to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.

BLOOD MICROCIRCULATION,

Reflexotherapy and Microcirculation. By Zhaowei, Z., Baoqing, D., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, page 67.

The diameter of arteriole limb and venule limb were all enlarged, indicating a dilation of the micro-vessels. And the speed of Micro Blood flow increased markedly; at the same time, the removal of aggregation of red blood cells was noted—all indications of better microcirculation. Reflexotherapy was able to improve human microcirculation, thus it can be beneficial to preservation of health and treatment of diseases.

2001

INTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW,
Influence of reflex zone therapy of the feet on intestinal blood flow measured by color Doppler sonography. [Article in German]. By E Mur, J Schmidseder, I Egger, G Bodner, G Eibl, F Hartig, K P Pfeiffer, M Herold. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2001 Apr; 8(2):86-9. PMID: 11340315 DOI: 10.1159/000057201

The reduction in the resistive index observed in the treatment group supports the assumption that FRZM improves blood flow in the organs considered to be associated with the specific foot zones, at least during the therapy process.

HAND MASSAGE, PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL ANXIETY, CATARACT SURGERY

Effects of hand massage on anxiety in cataract surgery using local anesthesia. By M S Kim, K S Cho, H Woo, J H Kim. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Jun; 27(6):884-90. PMID: 11408136 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00730-6

The findings indicate that hand massage decreases the psychological and physiological anxiety levels in patients having cataract surgery under local anesthesia.

2000

BLOOD FLOW

Observation of Influence on Blood Flow in Radial Artery of 22 Cases with Taut or Normal Pulse by Foot Reflexology. By Ma, Y., 2000 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 59-60.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for increasing arterial blood flow.

BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATION, BLOOD FLOW, CARBON DIOXIDE DENSITY, EEG, ECG

Physiological Measurements for Reflexology Foot Massage. By Yoshio MACHI, Chao LIU, Maki FUJITA. J of Int Soc of Life Info Science. 2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages 502-510. DOI https://doi.org/10.18936/islis.18.2_502

Based on physiological data we concluded that the subjects were relaxed. We thought that this method stimulated acupuncture points on the sole of the foot, but it also showed good physiological effects.

HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, PERIPHERAL OXYGEN SATURATION, CRITICAL CARE PATIENTS

Immediate effects of a five-minute foot massage on patients in critical care. By J Hayes, C Cox. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1999 Apr; 15(2):77-82. PMID: 10595045 DOI: 10.1016/s0964-3397(99)80003-2

Results indicated foot massage had the potential effect of increasing relaxation as evidenced by physiological changes during the brief intervention administered to critically ill patients in intensive care.

1999

RENAL BLOOD FLOW, URINARY

Changes of renal blood flow during organ-associated foot reflexology measured by color Doppler sonography. [Article in German]. By I Sudmeier, G Bodner, I Egger, E Mur, H Ulmer, M Herold. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999 Jun; 6(3):129-34. PMID: 10460981 DOI: 10.1159/000021238

The significant decrease of the resistive index during foot reflexology in the verum group indicates a decrease of flow resistance in renal vessels and an increase of renal blood flow. These findings support the hypothesis that organ-associated foot reflexology is effective in changing renal blood flow during therapy.

HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATION

Immediate effects of a five-minute foot massage on patients in critical care. By J Hayes, C Cox. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 1999 Apr; 15(2):77-82. PMID: 10595045 DOI: 10.1016/s0964-3397(99)80003-2

1998

BLOOD, BLEEDING, BRUISING

Analysis of Therapeutic Effect of Reflexotherapy in Treating Thrombocytopenic Purpura. By Gao, W., Wu, Y., and Liu, H., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 11-12.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of thrombocytopenic purpura, subcutaneous hemorrhage, muco-hemorrhage, hemorrhagic disease, and visceral hemorrhage.

BLOOD, WHITE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION, INSOMNIA, URINARY INFECTIONS

Treatment of Leukopenia with Reflexotherapy. By Xu, Y. 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 32-33.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of leukopenia, insomnia, urinary infections and weakness because it readjusts the production and composition of white blood cells in the blood.

BLOOD, CHOLESTEROL

Comparative Study on the Treatment of Hyperlipernia with Four Therapies. By Gui, S., Li, Y., Huang, J., Xiao, X., Chen, S., Gu, X., Zhu, S., Liao, E., and Luo, D., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 34-37.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in the reduction of fatty deposits in the blood. However, the results are not completely conclusive due to the study design.

BLOOD, PAIN, FATIGUE, EDEMA, HYPERTENSION, URIC ACID, KIDNEY DISEASE

Hyperuricemia Treated with Foot Reflexotherapy - Clinical Research of 21 Cases. By Zhong, Z., Ding, W., Qiu, S., Lu, Y., Ye, J., Zhang, Z., and Xie, Q., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 89-91.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of hyperuricemia blood uric acid.

BLOOD OXYGEN, PULSE, RESPIRATION

Exploration on the Effects of Pulse, Respiration and Oxygen Saturation of Blood by Different Strength of Stimulus. By Feng, J., Fan, C., Feng, X., and Yang L., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 94-96.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for increasing rates of pulse, respiration, and blood oxygen levels.

DIABETES MELLITUS, ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW

Clinical Observation on Influence Upon Arterial Blood Flow in the Lower Limbs of 20 Cases with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Foot Reflexology. By Ma, Y., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Bejing: China Reflexology Association. pages 97-100.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of arterial blood flow in the lower limbs of Type II diabetes mellitus

1997

BLOOD PRESSURE, SINUS ARRYTHMIA, PHYSIOLOGICAL

The Effect of Reflexology on Baroreceptor Reflex Sensitivity, Blood Pressure and Sinus Arrhythmia. By Frankel, B., Complementary Therapies in Medicine, June 1997, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pages 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(97)80003-9

Foot reflexology, in conjunction with massage, was found to be effective for eliciting measurable Baroreceptor changes in the body as an explanation for how reflexology works.

1996

BLOOD, CHOLESTEROL

Impact of the Massotherapy Applied to Foot Reflexes on Blood Fat of Human Body. By Gui, S., Xiao, X., Li, Y., Fu, W., and Luo, D., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 21-23.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of hyperlipidemia.

URINARY BLADDER TUMOR, BLOOD CIRCULATION,

Foot Massage in the Treatment for Bilateral Leg Circulation Disturbance. By Wu, Y., and Li, Z. , 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 97-98.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of bilateral leg circulation disturbance.

BLOOD, FREE RADICALS

A Preliminary Study on the Mechanism of Foot Reflexo-massage - Its Effects on Free Radicals. By Gui, S., Zhang, C., Dong, J. and Luo, D., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 128-135.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for decreasing the production of free radicals and symptom reductions associated with their various diagnoses.

1990

Using Technical Measuring Machine. By Nakamura, T., RWO-SHUR Health 1990 Worldwide Conference Tokyo, Book of Theses.

Reflexology has been shown to have some effect on physiological processes in the human body, with the use of measuring instruments.