REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH – NERVOUS SYSTEM
2023
JUVENILE PSEUDOMYOPIA, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE
Effect of auricular acupressure combined with acupuncture for juvenile pseudomyopia. By Yan-Ni Zhu, Yuan-Yuan Chen, Ting Zou, Ping Cao. Pub. by Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Sep 15;102(37):e35018. PMID: 37713874 PMCID: PMC10508539 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035018.
The findings of this study showed that both auricular acupressure plus acupuncture and auricular acupressure alone benefit children with juvenile pseudomyopia..
CANCER, PAIN, SWELLING, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, ANXIETY
Patients’ experiences of clinical foot reflexology in a hospital cancer service. By Langstone-Wring A, Whatley J. Pub. by (2023)Cancer Nursing Practice. doi: 10.7748/cnp.2023.e1841
Clinical foot reflexology can offer patients with cancer relief from symptoms associated with their condition or cancer treatment, for example pain, swelling or those related to peripheral neuropathy, reduce their anxiety levels and provide therapeutic effects such as relaxation and comfort.
BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, GASTRIC PRESSURE, NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISM
Effects of plantar pressure stimulation on autonomic nervous function ―Examination of the neurological mechanism of Reflexology― By Tomomi Narushima, Noraini Azlin Binti Mohd Amin, Mayura Shimura, Eitaro Noguchi. Pub. by Autonomic Nervous System. Vol. 60 (2023) Iss 1. p. 54-62. DOI https://doi.org/10.32272/ans.60.1_54.
Using the response to blood pressure, heart rate, and gastric pressure of pressure stimulation to localized areas of the plantar as indices, the results of nerve amputation of the afferent and centrifugal tracts revealed that plantar point pressure stimulation is input from somatosensory nerves and induces a reflex response using multiple autonomic nerves as the centrifugal path. But the existence of reflex zones could not be clarified.
HEARING LOSS, INFANT, fMRI CASE STUDY.
Effects of foot reflexology on an infant with Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) case study. By Lee Y, Chen M, HaoYan. Pub. by Research Square; 2023. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2710677/v1.
Compared with SNHL infants who did not undergo foot reflexology, an SNHL infant treated with foot reflexology exhibited increased regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, and thalamus and decreased ReHo inthe bilateral occipital cortex. This suggests that foot reflexology influences hubs of the brain networks responsible for language and auditory processing. Differences in these areas have clinical significance and may be helpful for treating infants with SNHL.A large-scale, randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these findings.
DRY EYE DISEASE, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE
Auricular Acupressure for Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. By Qiong Huang, Mengqi Zhan, Zhe Hu. Pub. by Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Jan 16;59(1):177. PMID: 36676806 PMCID: PMC9865136 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010177
Auricular acupressure, as a sole intervention or in combination with artificial tears, may have a beneficial effect on dry eye disease. However, more high-quality RCTs need to be included in the future to further prove the positive effects of auricular acupressure on patients with dry eye disease.
QUALITY OF LIFE, CHEMOTHERAPY, NEUROPATHY, COLORECTAL CANCER PATIENTS
The Effect of Reflexology on Quality of Life in Colorectal Cancer Patients Suffering Chemotherapy-induced Neuropathy: A Randomized and Controlled Trial. By Hesam GHOLAMZADEH, Mahnaz ILKHANI, Behnam ABEDINI, Ahmad AMERI, Nezhat SHAKERI, Ali MOHAMMADABADI4. Pub. by Turk J Oncol 2023;38(2):228–37. Accessible online at: www.onkder.org doi: 10.5505/tjo.2023.3752
The result of this study showed that foot reflexology relieved neurotoxicity associated with chemotherapy which improved the Quality of Life in colorectal cancer patients. Hence, this low cost and easy procedure can be recommended as an effective technique.
2022
DORSOPATHIES (DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE SPINE),
Evaluation of the Results Of Reflexotherapy in Patients with Dorsopathies. By Sharipova Sitorabonu Hakim kizi, Arslonova Nozigul Anvarovna, Narzullaeva Oygul Muradilloevna. Pub. by Miasto Przyszłości, 30, 226–228. Retrieved from http://miastoprzyszlosci.com.pl/index.php/mp/article/view/892
Thus, at the end of the treatment, the advantage of both variants of acupuncture over the standard effect was established, which is associated with the characteristic analgesic, trophostimulating and vascular effects of reflexology. At the same time, the high frequency of significant positive shifts in the case of the corporal approach is explained by its systemic influence.
PAIN INTENSITY, STRETCHING EXERCISES, SPINE SURGERY
Effect of Foot Reflexology and Gentle Stretching Exercises on Pain Intensity in Patients after Spine Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Bakhshi, M., Ranjbar, H., Rostami, O., Chamanzari, H., & Bahrami-Taghanaki, H. (2022). Pub. by Evidence Based Care, 12(2), 32-40. doi: 10.22038/ebcj.2022.61714.2602
As evidenced by the results of the present study, foot reflexology effectively reduces pain intensity in patients after spine surgery. Therefore, it is recommended to be used by patients or their companions as an appropriate care measure for the reduction of pain after spine surgery.
FATIGUE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, TUBERCULOSIS
Effectiveness of Foot reflexology on level of fatigue among peripheral neuropathy, patient with Tuberculosis. By Tejeshwari B V, G.Bhuvaneswari, B.G.Parasuramalu, R.Vijayaraghavan. Pub. by Cardiometry; Special issue No. 25; December 2022; p. 121-128; DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.25.121128; Available from: http:// www.cardiometry.net/issues/no25-december-2022/effectiveness-foot-reflexology Introduction.
The study concluded that the foot reflexology of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced peripheral neuropathy among Tuberculosis patients from selected community area, Ramanagara Taluk & District, Karnataka carried out the study was found to be effective in decreasing the fatigue levels among peripheral neuropathy in person with Tuberculosis patients as evidenced by the significant change between pre-test and post-test scores.
SMOKING CESSATION, BRAIN ACTIVITIES, FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)
The Effects of Foot Reflexology for Smoking Cessation on Brain Activities with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): A Pilot Study. By Pisit Wattanaruangkowit, Sombat Muengtaweepongsa, Mondha Kengganpanich, Tharadol Kengganpanich. Pub. by Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Jul 9;2022:1727479. PMID: 35855825 PMCID: PMC9288274 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1727479
The fMRI of the brain is feasible and safe for demonstrating foot reflexology reactions. The response signal outside the correlated motor-sensory cortical area with foot reflexology may have clinical significance and may be helpful for smoking cessation. We suggest conducting a large-scale, randomized controlled trial to confirm these findings.
GLAUCOMA, HYPERTENSION PATIENTS
The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Intraocular Pressure in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Patients. By Ely Manstein; Dillan Patel; Preston Kung; Devin Cohen; Andrew Krane; Daohai Yu; Jeffrey D Henderer. Pub. by Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June 2022, Vol.63, 4386 – A0429.
5-minute foot reflexology temporarily lowers Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in some Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and Ocular Hypertension Patients (OHTN). The study insert did not lower IOP in OHTN patients more than the sham. Perhaps a different application of foot reflexology or a different version of the insert would be more effective and remains a topic for future research.
PARAPLEGIA, PERFORMANCE,
Comparison of the effect of six weeks of virtual reality rehabilitation system and reflexology massage on the performance of athletes with paraplegia. By Behnaz Porjafari, Fariborz Hovanloo, Fariba Mohammadi. Pub. by Studies in Sport Medicine, 13(30), pp. 125-158. https://doi.org/10.22089/smj.2022.11943.1554
The results showed that the application of reflexology massage as well as the virtual reality system was effective in improving the range of motion and strength of the shoulder girdle in people with paraplegia; therefore, people with paraplegia and the educators and nurses who work with them can use the benefits of these interventions to improve their performance.
FATIGUE, PARAPLEGIA, VETERANS
Effect of Six Weeks Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation Exercise and Reflexology on Fatigue Rate of Paralyzed Veterans. By Pourjafari Jorjafaki B, Hovanloo F, Mohammadi F. Pub. by Iran J War Public Health 2022; 14 (1) :19-24. URL: http://ijwph.ir/article-1-1071-en.html
Findings showed that virtual reality exercises and reflexology had a significant effect on fatigue in paraplegia veterans (p<0.05). A significant difference was observed between both experimental and control groups after the intervention (p<0.05). The reduction of fatigue was also significant in the massage group (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a reduction in Fatigue rate in Paralyzed Veterans in both massage and virtual reality groups compared to the control group.
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
The effectiveness of aromatherapy and reflexology in neurodegenerative disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pub. by Raj Rawal, Megan Armstrong, Joy Read, Elizabeth Chesterman, Kate Walters, Anette Schrag, Gareth Ambler. Pub. by Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2022 Jun 30. PMID: 35770590 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2021-0056.
A meta-analysis was conducted including data from six studies, which demonstrated no significant benefit of aromatherapy/reflexology; however, the sample sizes were small and of low quality. This systematic review confirmed that it is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of reflexology and aromatherapy in multiple sclerosis. Larger high-quality studies are required to test these widely used therapies.
2020
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY PAIN, SLEEP, NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
The Effect of Foot Massage on Peripheral Neuropathy-Related Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. By Pınar Sarısoy Ozlem Ovayolu. Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2020; 34(6):345-355. PMID: 33060497 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000412
It has been shown that foot massage intervention reduces the patients' pain levels and has a positive effect on their sleep quality. Accordingly, foot massage can be recommended to patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to reduce their peripheral neuropathy-related pain and improve their sleep quality.
SENSORY NEURONAL HEARING LOSS (SNHL), INFANTS
A Case Study: Effects of Foot Reflexotherapy in an Infant with Sensorineural Hearing Loss. By Yujun Lee, Qingchun Pan, Ying Du, Lantu Zhang, Chunlin Li, Minyong Hu, Mingxian Li, Bei Li. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2020 Apr; 13(2):61-65. PMID: 31862344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2019.12.001
Foot reflexotherapy was effective in auditory recuperation of an infant with SNHL. The results of this novel study suggest that foot reflexotherapy can be an effective complementary treatment for infants with SNHL, especially for those 3 to 9 months of age.
ANXIETY, VITAL SIGNS, COMFORT, HAND MASSAGE, CATARACT SURGERY
The Effect of Hand Massage Before Cataract Surgery on Patient Anxiety and Comfort: A Randomized Controlled Study. By Ayşe Uyar Çavdar, Emel Yılmaz, Hakan Baydur. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020 Feb; 35(1):54-59. PMID: 31551136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2019.06.012
Hand massage reduced the anxiety of patients, positively affected their vital signs, and increased their comfort.
BREAST CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, FATIGUE, NAUSEA, VOMITTING, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, WOMEN
A systematic review association of reflexology in managing symptoms and side effects of breast cancer treatment. By Ausanee Wanchai, Jane M. Armer. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, Volume 38, 2020, 101074, ISSN 1744-3881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101074.
The results showed that reflexology is associated with benefits for both psychological and physical aspects. Reflexology was reported to improve quality of life, but not for depression or anxiety. It was also beneficial for reducing fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, but not for peripheral neuropathy. Enough high level evidence has not been reported to confirm the effectiveness of reflexology on breast cancer symptom management.
PAIN, ANXIETY, EASE OF MOBILITY, SEIZURE ACTIVITY
Reflexology and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome - A Case Study. By Vicky Mood LPN, LMT MA52046 Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan. 2020. www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com
For this study, both the therapist and subject noticed marked improvements in the ease of mobility, a decrease in the number and intensity of seizures, decrease in pain, and a decrease in anxiety levels. Although not a focus of this study, the subject reported better sleep patterns; the effect of which was greatly noted and welcomed. While it would be remiss of this therapist to declare that all people that suffer with RSD would benefit from reflexology on the basis of one case study, this case study does support the exploration of reflexology use in others that have RSD.
2019
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, OCULAR HYPERTENSION
A Pilot Study on the Effect of Alternate Nostril Breathing and Foot Reflexology on Intraocular Pressure in Ocular Hypertension. By Jui Pandya, Martin Schardt, Daohai Yu, and Jeffrey D. Hendererer. Pub. by The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2019 25:8,824-826.
Both Foot Reflexology and Alternate Nostril Breathing had a small but significant Intraocular Pressure (IOP) lowering effect. These alternative therapies could serve as possible adjunctive treatments for lowering IOP.
2018
PERIPHERAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN,
The Efficacy of Foot Reflexology on the Reduction of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathic Pain. By Mona Mohamed Ibrahim & Shimaa Mohamed Abdou Rizk. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 7, Issue 5 Ver. IX. (Sep.-Oct .2018), PP 44-55 DOI: 10.9790/1959-0705094455
This study strengthened that reflexology therapy in combination with pharmacological therapy is recommended in reducing the diabetic patients’ peripheral neuropathic pain. Recommendations: Application of routine foot reflexology to all diabetic patients to decrease the sensation of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathic pain.
CORTICAL ACTIVITY, EEG,
The effect of foot reflexotherapy on the dynamics of cortical oscillatory waves in healthy humans: An EEG study. By Cevat Unal, Menizibeya O Welcome, Mariam Salako, Faruk Abdullahi, Nuhu M Abubakar, Vladimir A Pereverzev, Siti Sugih Hartiningsih, Senol Dane. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Jun; 38:42-47. PMID: 29857878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.006
Foot reflexotherapy is associated with increase in spectral powers in beta and gamma frequency bands. Therefore cortical beta and gamma waves of the EEG could be used as measures of functional activation of the brain, related to foot reflexotherapy.
CONSTIPATION, SPASTICITY, SPEECH, COMMUNICATION, CEREBRAL PALSY, CHILDREN, CAREGIVERS
Opinions and observations of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy about changes seen after reflexology: A qualitative study. By Filiz Özkan, Handan Zincir. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May; 31:242-247. PMID: 29705462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.011.
As a result; the caregivers expressed that there were increases in self-confidence of children, improvement in walking, reduced spasticity, relaxation, decreases in constipation, and increases in communication, speech and perception after reflexology.
2017
SPASTICITY, MOTOR FUNCTION, DEPENDENCY, QUALITY OF LIFE, CEREBRAL PALSY, CHILDREN,
The effect of reflexology upon spasticity and function among children with cerebral palsy who received physiotherapy: Three group randomised trial. By Filiz Özkan, Handan Zincir. Appl Nurs Res. 2017 Aug; 36:128-134. PMID: 28720233 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.05.01.
Reflexology with physiotherapy reduced spasticity in legs, improved gross motor functions, decreased dependency but led to no change in quality of life.
CERVICAL VERTIGO,
Clinical Observation of the Proprioceptive Sensibility Reflexotherapy by Tendon Acupuncture at Trigger Points for Cervical Vertigo. [Article in Chinese]. By Fen-Fen Yao, Jun Luo, Jiao Liu, Wen-Yao Fang, Chen-Yu Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Yu-Lin Mao, Zhen Yuan, Kai Wang. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2017 Oct 25; 42(5):449-53. PMID: 29105476
The proprioceptive sensibility reflexotherapy with tendon acupuncture at trigger points is effective for proprioceptive disorder of cervical vertigo.
ANOSMIA (loss/impairment of smell), BRAIN INJURY
Reflexology for the Restoration of Anosmia As A Result Of A Traumatic Brain Injury - Case Study (6 Sessions). By Kelli Scharping LMT, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology Feb. 2017 www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com
A definite improvement in the subject’s report of sense of smell. From being able to smell ground coffee after the first reflexology session and enjoying it more regularly from then on, to following her excitement as her sense of smell picked up on aromas that had been lost to her since her TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury), to watching the numbers used for our measuring scale on smell intensity rise, it is clear that the subject experienced notable improvement in her olfactory system.
2016
DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY,
Systematic review of treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. By N Çakici, T M Fakkel, J W van Neck, A P Verhagen, J H Coert. Diabet Med. 2016 Nov; 33(11):1466-1476. PMID: 26822889 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13083.
In this review, we found that α-lipoic acid, opioids, botulinum toxin A, mexidol, reflexology and Thai foot massage had significant beneficial results.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, SLEEP, PAIN,
Reflexology, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Sleep - A Case Study. By Leigh Baker, DNP, ARNP, LMT Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan. 2016.
There was a positive change (decrease in scores) in morning mood after the reflexology sessions began and this trend continued through the study. There was also a decrease in complaints of back pain once the reflexology sessions began. During the baseline period, the participant complained of a racing heart and vaginal pain. These complaints resolved after the sessions started. Caution should be used when using this modality for sleep improvement and awareness of the time of day of sessions are given is a reasonable consideration for the reflexology therapist.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE, BACK PAIN, SLEEP
Reflexology and Parkinson’s disease - A Case Study. By Erica Blinkhorn, LMT Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan 2016 www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com
The subject reported a decrease in her level of back pain and told me that with less activity comes less pain. Although she still cannot be on her feet for very long, she shared that her endurance was better than when we started and she can perform more of her daily actions before having to rest. She cheerfully reported that she still wakes up almost every night, because she “just don’t get sleepy.” However, the frequency of her doing so has decreased as well. She felt that she was more mobile, and she had fewer cramps in her hands and feet and almost no cramps at all since her fourth week in the study.
2015
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, HAND/FOOT PAIN, NUMBNESS,
Reflexology for Peripheral Neuropathy - A Case Study. By Nicole Banner, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology - www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com
Foot reflexology was effective in helping to improve the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy (especially the tingling, numbness, and stabbing pains) for this subject. Therefore, it is my opinion that reflexology can be used as a complementary modality to promote foot care for people living with peripheral neuropathy.
DIABETES, BALANCE PERFORMANCE, FOOT SENSATION, PERPHERAL NEUROPATHY, THAI FOOT MASSAGE
Effects of thai foot massage on balance performance in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy: a randomized parallel-controlled trial. By Chatchawan U, Eungpinichpong W, Plandee P, Yamauchi J. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015 Apr 20;21:68-75. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.894163. PMID: 25892354; PMCID: PMC4416467.
The results of this study suggest that Thai foot massage is a viable alternative treatment for balance performance, ROM of the foot, and the foot sensation in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy.
2014
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY,
Determination of efficacy of reflexology in managing patients with diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. By Krishna Dalal, V Bharathi Maran, Ravindra M Pandey, Manjari Tripathi. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014; 2014:843036. PMID: 24527055 PMCID: PMC3913279 DOI: 10.1155/2014/843036.
Reflexology group showed more improvements in all outcome measures than those of control subjects with statistical significance. This study exhibited the efficient utility of reflexology therapy integrated with conventional medicines in managing diabetic neuropathy.
PAIN, POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER,
Reflexology for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - A Case Study. By Darlene Torroll, Florida-licensed Massage Therapist MA43516, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. www.academyofancientreflexology.com
Reflexology did help the subject with symptoms (pain in left groin and leg) from PTSD, although one case study is not enough research to claim that all people suffering from PTSD would benefit from reflexology.
MOTOR SKILLS, BRAIN INJURY, HAND REFLEXOLOGY
The Effects of Hand Reflexology on Functional Fine Motor Skills in Adults With Brain Injury. By John Guinta, Certified Reflexologist and Licensed Massage Therapist, Ken Cook, Certified Reflexologist and Licensed Massage Therapist, Christy Ruggiero, Occupational Therapist and Certified Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology.
This study examined the effects of 12 sessions (one per week) of hand reflexology on functional fine motor skills with six subjects that were post formal rehabilitation program. Findings suggest that in addition to hand reflexology being enjoyable and relaxing to receive (as reported by 6/6 participants) it has the potential to improve functional fine motor skills and proprioceptive feedback (as demonstrated by 4/6 participants). Further research is needed using randomized controlled trials to better determine statistical significance of improvements noted and to evaluate therapeutic value of reflexology with adults with brain injury, and pairing occupational therapy with reflexology therapy in the treatment of adults with brain injury.
2013
EPILEPSY, SEIZURE FREQUENCY
Role of reflexology and antiepileptic drugs in managing intractable epilepsy--a randomized controlled trial. By Krishna Dalal, Elanchezhiyan Devarajan, Ravindra Mohan Pandey, Vivekanandan Subbiah, Manjari Tripathi. Forsch Komplementmed. 2013; 20(2):104-11. PMID: 23636029 DOI: 10.1159/000350047
Reflexology therapy together with antiepileptic drugs may help reducing seizure frequency and improving quality of life in individuals with epilepsy.
PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX ACTIVITY, fMRI STUDY
Activity in the primary somatosensory cortex induced by reflexological stimulation is unaffected by pseudo-information: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. By Miura, N., Akitsuki, Y., Sekiguchi, A. et al. Pub.by BMC Complement Altern Med 13, 114 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-114
The relationship between cortical activity and reflexological stimulation is robust, even when a priori pseudo-information about the reflex area is given to subjects. The results of the present study support our previous finding showing that reflexological stimulation of the eye reflex area induced significant activity in the face representation area in SI of the left hemisphere and in the foot representation area in SI of the contralateral hemisphere.
BOWEL MOVEMENTS, SLEEP, APPETITE, ENERGY LEVELS, DIZZY SPELLS
Reflexology and the Affects on Marfan Syndrome - A Case Study. By Ken Cook Florida-licensed massage therapist MA69745, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology.
Reflexology helped improve several areas of concern for the client. While some improvements were immediate, others improved over various sessions. She experienced positive changes with bowel movements, sleeping habits, appetite, energy levels, and cessation of dizzy spells. The results of this study are promising but it’s not possible to say from one case study what the affects would be on a larger population of people with Marfan syndrome.
2012
CANCER, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Peripheral Neuropathy, Symptom Distress, Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Patients Treated with Oxaliplatin. By Lee SY, Ham YH, Ok ON, Kim EJ, Kwon IG, Hwang MS, Cho MS. Pub. by Asian Oncol Nurs. 2012 Dec;12(4):305-313. https://doi.org/10.5388/aon.2012.12.4.305
The experimental group who received foot reflexology experienced less peripheral neuropathy and symptom distress than the control group. There was no difference in anxiety and depression between the experimental and control group. Conclusion: The foot reflexology program adopted in this study was found to be an effective method to reduce peripheral neuropathy and symptom distress. We recommend foot reflexology for patients with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy.
2011
BLOOD PRESSURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, HEALTHY ADULTS
The effect of reflexology on the autonomic nervous system in healthy adults: a feasibility study. By C M Hughes, S Krirsnakriengkrai, S Kumar, S M McDonough. Altern Ther Health Med. May-Jun 2011; 17(3):32-7. PMID: 22164810.
This study has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting an experimental study on the effect of reflexology in stress using blood pressure as the primary outcome measure. Results from such a study would address the lack of high-quality evidence for the physiological effects of reflexology.
2010
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY, STRESS, QI HAND REFLEXOLOGY
Effects of Qi Hand Reflexology on Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Physical Resistance to Stress in Inpatients. By Oh S.Y., Park O.S., Woo M.Y. Pub. by J. Korean Acad Fundam Nurs. 2010 Nov;17(4):531-538.
The results indicated that application of Qi hand reflexology for patients in the hospital is effective in regulating the autonomic nervous system activation. Implication of finding should be useful for future research.
2009
BIOPSIES, FOOT DEPOSITS, NERVOUS SYSTEM, VARIANCES BETWEEN TISSUES
Biopsies of Foot Deposits Reveal Organic Composition and Mechanism of Action for Reflexology by Dr. Jesus Manzanares, M.D.. Self - published 2009. http://www.manzanaresmethod.com
This anatomical-pathological study reveals the neuro-biochemical character of reflexology.
2008
CORTICAL SOMATOTROPHICAL ACTIVITY, fMRI STUDY
Somatotopical Relationships Between Cortical Activity, Reflex Areas In Reflexology: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. By Tomomi Nakamaru, Naoki Miura, Ai Fukushima and Ryuta Kawashima. Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 448, Issue 1, 19 Dec. 2008, Pages 6-9.
This research is the beginning of understanding how reflexology can cause changes in the body. This is the reflexology point to brain end of the equation and it is not yet complete, as further research into this area is required especially to confirm the lateral effects. The other end of the equation is to see how the changes of blood flow in the brain as shown by this research effects the organs themselves. This still needs to be looked at, as does the whole equation - reflexology point to brain to organ. But, it’s an exciting start.
2006
BRAIN, fMRI STUDY
Comparison of Foot Reflexology and Electro-Acupuncture: An fMRI study. By Annie M. Tang, Geng Li, Edward S. Yang, Pub. by The Jockey Club MRI Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 474 TH-PM; Presented at Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping http://www.humanbrainmapping.org; NeuroImage 31 (2006) 237
2004
BRAIN ACTIVATION, fMRI STUDY
Brain activation in processing temporal sequence: an fMRI study. By Kristine M Knutson, Jacqueline N Wood, Jordan Grafman. Pub. by Neuroimage 2004 Dec;23(4):1299-307. PMID: 15589094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.012
These results suggest that while the middle frontal gyri are activated bilaterally in both script and chronological temporal ordering tasks, there are different, though largely overlapping, neural substrates for script and chronological representations during temporal ordering.
BRAIN, fMRI STUDY
Brain Activation at Temporal Lobe Induced by Foot Reflexology: an fMRI Study. By Tang Annie M., Li Geng., Chan C.C., Wong K.K.K., Li R. and Edward Yang Pub. by 11th Annual NeuroImage Meeting. 2005, 1445. (Publication No. :102229)
BRAIN, fMRI STUDY
Vision Related Reflex Zone at the Feet: An fMRI Study. By Tang M.Y., Li G., Chan C.C., Wong K.K.K., Li R. and Yang E.S.. Pub. by 11th Annual NeuroImage Meeting. 2005, 1431. (Publication No. : 102226)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, VAGUS NERVE, SYMPATHETIC NERVE
Reflexology and Autonomic Nervous System – Where does the "comfortable pain" come from? By Kimiko, S., 2004 China Symposium Reflexology Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 19-22.
"Comfortable pain" is a status when reflexology stimulation has induced adjustment inside the body to keep the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve in certain scope of balance – the result of penetration techniques conducted by the practitioner.
2002
CEREBRAL PALSY, CHILDREN
Observation On Therapeutic Effects Of Infantile Cerebral Paralysis Treated With Reflexotherapy Combined With Acupoint Injection. By Wenyan, Z., Wenshen, K., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 1.
The therapeutic effect of the Treatment group (Reflexotherapy) was markedly higher than that of the Control group (Acupoint Injection). The time needed for recovery was much shorter in the Treatment group.
PARKINSON’S SYNDROME, SENIORS
Exploration Of The Treatment Of Parkinsonism With Reflexotherapy. By Yajon, Z., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 3-4.
Reflexotherapy was found to be very effective in the treatment of Parkinson’s Syndrome.
HYSTERIA, PSYCHOLOGICAL, NERVOUS SYSTEM
Comparison of Curative Effects of Three Therapies in Treating Hysteria. By Shouqing, G., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 5-6.
In 2 years’ follow-up, the curative rates were best for the reflexotherapy group at 64%. The electrotherapy group was 2nd at 42%; the pharmacy therapy group 16%. The number of cases in the electrotherapy group was too small to make a conclusion; further observation is needed. Conclusion: Reflexotherapy was found to be effective for the treatment of Hysteria.
FACIAL PARALYSIS
Observation of the Therapeutic Effect on 22 cases of Facial Paralysis Treated with Reflexotherapy. By Hongzhen, T., Jun, T., Ming, T., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, pages 7-9. Beijing, China Reflexology Association,
The total effective rate of the 22 cases was 100%. Cured rate was 68.2%.
MOTION SICKNESS
Observation of the Therapeutic Effect of Treating Travel Sickness with Reflexotherapy and Acupressure. By Weihua, Y. 2000 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 44-45.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of travel sickness when used in conjunction with acupressure.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPTOMS
Application of Foot Reflexology in Functional Symptoms Caused by Disturbance of the Autonomic Nerves. By Min-Xing, W., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 60-61.
Typical symptoms of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) disturbance: uncomfortable sensation of head, insomnia, tension of shoulder and neck, aching pain of back and lumbar, fullness in the chest, constipation, irregular menstruation, etc. Further studies are needed.
2001
HAND MASSAGE, PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL ANXIETY, CATARACT SURGERY
Effects of hand massage on anxiety in cataract surgery using local anesthesia. By M S Kim, K S Cho, H Woo, J H Kim. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Jun; 27(6):884-90. PMID: 11408136 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(00)00730-6
The findings indicate that hand massage decreases the psychological and physiological anxiety levels in patients having cataract surgery under local anesthesia.
2000
INFANTILE HORDEOLUM (STYE), DIGESTIVE, CHILDREN
Comparison of Curative Effects Between Two Therapies in Treating Infantile Hordeolum. By Fengqiu, W. and Dejin, P., 2000 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 42-43.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of Infantile Hordeolum when used in conjunction with chiropractic care.
1998
BRAIN, CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS/INFARCTION, SENIORS
Treatment of 38 Cases of Ischemic Apoplexy with Reflexology. By Wu, Z., and Li, X., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 1-4.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of the symptoms associated with cerebral vascular accident.
CEREBRAL PALSY, CHILDREN
Treatment of Congenital Infantile Cerebral Palsy with Foot Reflexology - A Case Report. By Han, X., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 14-16.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of cerebral palsy.
COMA, SPEECH
One Case of Vegetative Person Regain Consciousness by Foot Reflexotherapy. By Tian, H., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 17-19.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for bringing a patient back to consciousness, with neuromuscular memory, speech, and movement, as well as endocrine system functions.
PARKINSON’S SYNDROME
The Treatment of Parkinsonism with Foot Reflexotherapy Combined with Limb Movement. By Zhou, X. and Zhou, G., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 20-23.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of the symptoms associated with Parkinson's syndrome.
MYOPIA, EYESIGHT STRAIN, CHILDREN
Treatment of 29 Cases with Myopia by Foot Reflexotherapy. By Zhang, L., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 84-85.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of myopia and eyesight strain.
EPILEPSY
Treatment of 7 Cases of Epilepsy with Electrotherapy on Foot Reflex Areas. By Gong, X., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, page 92.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of epilepsy.
1996
FACIAL PALSY
Foot reflexo-massage in Treating Three Patients with Intractable Facial Palsy. By Bei, Z., Tan, C. and Bei, M., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 3-4.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of facial palsy.
BRAIN, CEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS
Treatment of 33 Cases of Cerebral Thrombotic Sequelae with Foot Reflexotherapy. By Zhang, D., and Wu, Z., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 5-6.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of cerebral thrombotic sequelae.
NASAL NERVE BLOCK, CONCUSSION, HEADACHE, MENOPAUSE, WOMEN
One Case Report on Curing Nasal Nerve-Block with Foot Reflexology. By Zhong, Z., and Xie, Q., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 115-116.
Foot and hand reflexology were found to be effective for the relief of nasal nerve block, concussion, menopause.
URTICARIA (HIVES), TINNITUS
Treatment of Urticaria and Tinnitus with Foot Reflexotherapy. By Wang, X. 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 117-118.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of urticaria and tinnitus.
DRUG TOXIC DEAFNESS
Foot Reflexology in the Treatment for 5 Cases with Drug Toxic Deafness. By Zhao, Z., Zhou, G., and Zhou, X. 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 119-121.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of drug toxic deafness.
BRAIN, PARALYSIS, STROKE, ENCEPHALITIS
Report on the Treatment of Paralysis with Foot Reflexology in Coordination with Head Acupuncture. By Chen, Y., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 152-154.
Foot reflexology used in conjunction with head acupuncture, was found to be effective for the relief of paralysis after stroke and encephalitis B.
1994
COMA, DROWNING
Foot Reflexo-Therapy in Emergency Treatment of Deep Coma after Drowning. By Gao, W. and Wang, Z., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 6.
Foot reflexology was found to be very effective in speeding recovery from deep coma resulting from drowning.
BRAIN, CEREBRAL INFARCTION, WOMAN
Foot Reflexion Massage in Treatment of Cerebral Infarction. By Lin, S., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, p. 4.
Foot reflexology massage was found to be effective in providing relief of cerebral infarction.
BRAIN, SENIOR
Treatment of Senile Chorea with Strong Stimulation on Foot Reflexes: A Case Report. By Wu, Z., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 7.
Foot reflexology massage was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms associated with left senile chorea and cerebral vascular disease.
BRAIN, CEREBRAL INFARCTION, SPEECH
Foot massage Treatment of Multiple Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report. By Lu, C., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 11.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms associated with multiple cerebral infarction.
DEMENTIA, SENIORS
Therapeutic Effect of Foot Reflexology on Senile Encephalatrophy. By Han, F., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 12-15
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms associated with senile encephalatrophy (dementia).
BRAIN, CEREBRAL VASCULAR THROMBOSIS, MEN
Effect of Foot Reflexology on the Meiplegia by Cerebral Vascular Thrombosis. By Zhao, Z., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 16-19
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of the symptoms associated with cerebral vascular thrombosis.
EPILEPSY
Association Therapeutic Recordings of a Case of Epilepsy Treated with Reflexology. By Lu, J., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 25-29.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of epilepsy.
MYOPIA, ADOLESCENTS
Reflexology in Treating Adolescent Myopia: Observation of 34 Cases. By Wu, Z., Li, X., You, H., Dai, D., and Gao, Q., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 124.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of adolescent myopia.
PSUEDOMYOPIA, CHILDREN
Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage on Pseudomyopia. By Chen, Y., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, page 126.
Foot reflexology was shown to be effective for relief of pseudomyopia in all 10 cases.
ELECTRIC OPTHALMITIS (CONJUNCTIVITIS/PINK EYE)
A Case of Electric Opthalmitis Treated with Foot Reflexology. By Zhang, S., and Zhuo, X., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 127.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of electric ophthalmitis.
CATARACT, SENIORS
Foot Massage Treatment of Immature Cataract. By Huang, G., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 129.
Foot reflexology was shown to be effective for the relief of cataracts.
TINNITUS, HEARING LOSS
Thermoelectrromagnetic Therapy for 1 Case with Obstinate Tinnitus. By Zang, S. 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 130-131.
Foot reflexology was shown to be effective for the relief of tinnitus and hearing loss.
GLAUCOMA, IRIDOCYCLITIS (INFLAMATION OF THE IRIS),
Coordinated Treatment of 1 Case of Acute Iridocyclitis with Foot Reflexotherapy and Medicine. By Gao, W., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 136-138.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of iridocyclitis and glaucoma.
MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME)
Selected Case History Two: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Author unknown. 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 178.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of myalgic encephalomyelitis.
MENIERE’S SYNDROME, TINNITUS, VERTIGO
Selected Case History Three: Meniere's Syndrome. Unknown author. 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 179-180.
Hand and foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms of Meniere's Syndrome.
1993
NEUROSISM (NERVOUS EXHAUSTION), INSOMNIA, HEADACHES
Foot reflexology in neurosism: Clinical Observation of 20 cases. By Duan Shuang-Feng. 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association.
The results were quite remarkable: 40% experienced complete ‘cure’, further 35% had greatly improved, and a further 15% had mildly improved. Only 10% showed no change at all to the treatment.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE,
Parkinsonism Treated by Foot Reflex Zone Massage. By Wu, D., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, page 10.
Reflexology has been shown to be effective in reducing the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease, combined with drug therapy.
SENILE DEMENTIA, SENIORS
Foot Reflexology Therapy in Senile Dementia: Report of 2 Cases. By Meng, G., and Zhao, L., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing , China Reflexology Association, page 14.
Foot reflexology has been shown to be effective in improving some of the symptoms associated with senile dementia.
EPILEPSY
Treatment of Secondary Epilepsy with Foot Reflexology Therapy, Report of One Case. By Gong, X., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 16.
Foot reflexology has been shown to be effective in controlling the convulsions associated with secondary epilepsy.
BRAIN, PARALYSIS, SENIORS
One Case of Paralysis Treated by Foot Reflexology Therapy. By Yang, G., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 34-35.
Foot reflexology was shown to be effective for the relief of symptoms following cerebral thrombosis.
PAIN, BRAIN, CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
Observation on Therapeutic Effects of Four Cases with Faradotherapy on the FRZ for Lymph Nodes of Upper and Lower Body. By Gong, X., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 48-50.
Foot reflexology combined with faradotherapy on the foot reflex zones for lymph nodes of upper and lower body were shown to be effective in treatment of cerebral hemorrhage and right side pain.
PAIN, BRAIN, SPEECH, CEREBRAL INFARCTION
Exploring the FRZ of Grossa. By Guo, B., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 69.
Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of cerebral infarction. It brought most symptoms under control after 20 treatments.
SENILE CATARACT, SENIORS
Hand and Foot Reflex Area Massage in the Treatment of Senile Cataract: Observation of 10 Cases. By Zhou, D., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 70.
Foot and hand reflexology were shown to be effective for the relief of cataracts.
CENTRAL RETINITIS, GLAUCOMA, HORDEOLUM (STYE)
Foot Reflexology Therapy in Ophthalmic Diseases. By Zhou, Y., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 73-74.
Foot reflexology massage was found to be effective in providing relief of central retinitus, hodeolum and glaucoma.
1992
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, BRAIN
RWO SHUR Health Method and Neurobiology. By Han, F., Tay, G., 1992 Worldwide Rwo Shur Conference Kuala Lumpur, Handbook of Conference Papers.
Reflexology is shown to have some effect on the human central nervous system and, in turn, affecting other anatomical systems.
1965
CONCUSSION
THE ROLE OF THE PALM-CHIN AND THUMB-CHIN REFLEX IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CEREBRAL CONCUSSION. [Article in Hu]. By L DENES, I SZANDANYI. Orv Hetil. 1965 Jun 27; 106:1208-10. PMID: 14322198
No abstract available.
1961
MOTOR SYNKINESIS (INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT), CONCUSSION
The phenomenon of synkinesis of the great toe in the syndrome of brain concussion. A reflexological contribution to the pathophysiology of brain concussion.[Article in Czech]. By Z MASIN. Cesk Neurol. 1961 Sep; 24:308-11. PMID: 14470803
No abstract available
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
The palm-chin reflex and thumb-chin reflex in parkinsonian states. [Article in Italian]. By D ANGRISANI. Osp Psichiatr. Jan-Mar 1961; 29:57-76. PMID: 13861618.
No abstract available.