REFLEXOLOGY RESEARCH – PAIN

2024

STRESS, ENERGY, PAIN, WOMEN, BREAST CANCER.

Reflexology as an Integrative Approach to Improve Stress, Energy, and Pain in Women Receiving Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer. By H.D. Zinkin, K. Kostroff, D. Dimisa, R. Hausen, J. Christophers, D. McElligot, M. Akerman, L. Potters. Pub. by International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. Volume 120, Issue 2, Supplement. 2024. Page e423. ISSN 0360-3016. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.ijrobp. 2024.07.944.

Stress was reduced by 40.0%, pain decreased by 24.0%, energy increased by 33.3 % and overall feeling of well-being improved by 33.3% (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.0001 for all measures). Many patients also reported improvement in chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain. The service was so well received by patients that the funding has been renewed.

ANXIETY, PAIN, VITAL SIGNS, CHILDREN WITH THALASSEMIA

Impact of Foot Reflexology Versus Simple Massage on Vital Signs, Anxiety, And Pain During Blood Transfusion Among Children With Thalassemia. By Sunita K. Jadhav, Prakash M. Naregal, Vaishali R. Mohite, Rajashri B. Karale. Pub. by Cureus 16(8) (August 26, 2024) : e67876. doi:10.7759/cureus.67876

Most children were diagnosed with thalassemia during infancy, had a history of both parent’s thalassemia minor, and were Rh+ve. Foot reflexology was more effective in reducing anxiety and pain than simple massage. Additionally, foot reflexology had a significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while simple massage significantly affected temperature in children with thalassemia (an inherited blood disorder).

2023

POST OPERATIVE PAIN,

Reflexology in patient rehabilitation with postoperative pain. (Literature review) [Article in Russian] By O I Zagorulko, L A Medvedeva, Yu B Tsedinova, K V Kotenko. Pub. by Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2023;100(6):103-106. PMID: 38289312 DOI: 10.17116/kurort2023100061103.

Integration of reflex effects from the first days after surgery makes it possible to more effectively and safely solve the problems of acute and chronic postoperative pain.

ANXIETY, PAIN, FATIGUE, HAND REFLEXOLOGY, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

Effect of hand reflexology in ameliorating anxiety, pain, and fatigue among patients undergoing coronary angiography. By Eman Abdeen Ali 1, Wafaa Hassan Ali Awad 1, Mahmoud Abdelwahab Khedr 2, Emad Abd El Gawad Ali Rabie 1. Pub. by BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023 Nov 24;23(1):425. PMID: 38001461 PMCID: PMC10668458 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04256-6.

The current study findings showed that hand reflexology is a simple, non-invasive nursing intervention that is effective and useful for managing pain, fatigue, and anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography as it resulted in a significant reduction in the severity of pain, fatigue, and anxiety after coronary angiography in the study group compared to the control group.

CANCER, PAIN, SWELLING, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, ANXIETY

Patients’ experiences of clinical foot reflexology in a hospital cancer service. By Langstone-Wring A, Whatley J. Pub. by (2023)Cancer Nursing Practice. doi: 10.7748/cnp.2023.e1841

Clinical foot reflexology can offer patients with cancer relief from symptoms associated with their condition or cancer treatment, for example pain, swelling or those related to peripheral neuropathy, reduce their anxiety levels and provide therapeutic effects such as relaxation and comfort.

PAIN, ANXIETY, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT, SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

The Effect of Hand Reflexology Massage on Pain and Anxiety After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. By Gizem Göktuna, Necibe Dağcan, Gülşah Gürol Arslan. Pub. by J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023 Aug 7. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37548394 DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000001033

We found that hand reflexology massage was effective in reducing pain and anxiety in patients during the immediate postoperative period after CABG.

PAIN, VITAL SIGNS, ABDOMINAL SURGERY, PATIENT SATISFACTION

A randomized controlled trial of reflexology effect after abdominal surgery on patient satisfaction, pain and vital signs. By Kapıkıran G, Bulbuloglu S, Gunes H, Saritaş S, Demir B. Pub. by Explore (NY). 2023 Jul-Aug;19(4):565-570. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.10.017. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36335059.

The results of our study emphasize the power of reflexology in effective surgical pain management and normalizing vital signs and increasing patient satisfaction. We suggest that reflexology be performed to patients following abdominal surgery.

PAIN, FEAR, PEDIATRIC ICU, MUSIC THERAPY, HAND MASSAGE

Impact of music therapy and hand massage in the pediatric intensive care unit on pain, fear and stress: Randomized controlled trial. By Dilek Küçük Alemdar, Azime Bulut, Gamze Yilmaz. Pub by J Pediatr Nurs. 2023 Jul-Aug;71:95-103. Epub 2023 May 23. PMID: 37230011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.05.007

It was determined that hand massage and music therapy were more effective than standard care at reducing pain and fear levels during blood drawing among 12-18-year-old adolescents in the PICU.

PAIN, BREASTFEEDING, WEIGHT OF INFANTS, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology and Benson Relaxation on Pain, Breastfeeding and Weight of Neonates of Women Undergoing a Cesarean Section. By Farnoosh Tavallali, Hakimeh Vahedparast, Fatemeh Hajinezhad, Razieh Bagherzadeh. Pub by Arch Iran Med. 2023 Jul 1;26(7):381-388. PMID: 38301097 PMCID: PMC10685816 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.58

Both the reflexology and the Benson relaxation methods effectively decreased pain and increased breastfeeding frequency and the infant's weight gain.

ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY, PAIN, ANXIETY, WOMEN

Effect of Reflexology on Decreasing Postoperative Pain and Anxiety After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy. By Nilgun Avci, Umran Oskay. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. 2023 Mar-Apr;37(2):78-89. PMID: 36790422 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000570.

All of the patients in the reflexology group stated that reflexology helped them feel better. The reflexology group compared with the control group had lower than the average Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain and VAS and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety at all assessment times. Reflexology is effective in reducing anxiety and pain.

PAIN, SLEEP, OSTEOARTHRITIS, SENIORS, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

Effects of auricular acupressure on sleep and pain in elderly people who have osteoarthritis and live in nursing homes: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. By Won Jin Lee, Hyojung Park. Pub. by Explore (NY) . 2023 Mar-Apr;19(2):214-222. PMID: 35835645 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.07.001

Auricular Acupressure can be used as an effective intervention to improve the sleep of the elderly living in nursing homes, and it can also reduce the pain.

PAIN, FATIGUE, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, HAND MASSAGE, REIKI.

The effects of Reiki and hand massage on pain and fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. By Kevser SevgiÜnal Aslan, Funda Çetinkaya. Pub. by Explore (NY) 2023 Mar-Apr;19(2):251-255. PMID: 35752581 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.06.006

The mean pain score and the fatigue severity of patients decreased after Reiki and hand massage interventions and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).

PAIN, AVERAGE HEARTBEAT, NEWBORNS

A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Study of Reflexology, Sucrose, and Other Treatments for Needle Procedures in Newborns. By Us MC, Saran MG, Cebeci B, Akkuş E, Şeker E, Aybar ŞSŞ. Pub. by Pediatr Neurol. 2023 Mar;140:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.019. Epub 2022 Dec 5. PMID: 36608413.

Although sucrose was the most effective method, reflexology has significant positive effects, especially on average heartbeat, reducing pain, and shortening crying times during heel blood sampling. Reflexology might be considered among the nonpharmacologic methods to be applied before routine interventions, but still, there is a need for further studies to investigate the efficiency.

PAIN, NEONATES, HEEL-LANCING

A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Effect of Acupressure and Foot Reflexology on Pain During Heel-Lancing in Neonates. By Deniz AÖ, Açikgöz A. Pub. by Clin Nurs Res. 2023 Feb;32(2):306-312. doi: 10.1177/10547738211061815. Epub 2021 Dec 26. PMID: 34955035.

Acupressure and foot reflexology administered during heel lancing in newborns are effective methods for reducing pain.

FATIGUE, PAIN, HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Effectiveness of reflexology and back massage for Hemodialysis patients with back pain and fatigue”-a pilot study. By Prof. C. K. Muralidharan, Dr. P. Senthil, Mr. Gopala Krishnan, Ms. Santhiya. S, Dr. P. Senthil Selvam. Pub. by Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. 42 No. 1 (2023)

The study's conclusions showed that hemodialysis patients had less fatigue and pain. A back massage is less helpful than foot reflexology. Reflexology massage is a secure and affordable physiotherapy method for easing fatigue and discomfort in hemodialysis patients.

LOWER BACK PAIN, STEROID INJECTION

A Prospective comparison between the effect of reflexology and steroid injection for relieving of pain in patient with chronic low back pain a clinical randomized trial study. By Mojgan Rahim, Nuwfal Ali Almubarak, Afzal shamsi, Saeid Vahedi, Hussein Mousa, & Naeem Saleh Hussein AL-hirz. Pub. by Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 210–219. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.03.023

Reflexology therapy is an important and effective non-pharmacological method for chronic lower back pain treatment. And it has higher efficacy and lower side effects than caudal steroid injection.

HEARTBEAT, PAIN, CRYING TIMES, HEEL BLOOD SAMPLING, NEWBORNS

A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Study of Reflexology, Sucrose, and Other Treatments for Needle Procedures in Newborns. By Mahmut Caner Us MD, Mine Güneş Saran MSc, Burcu Cebeci MD, Erkan Akkuş MD, Esma Şeker RN, Şadiye Sezin Şimşek Aybar MSc. Pub. by Pediatric Neurology. Volume 140, March 2023, Pages 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.019

PAIN, AURICULAR POINT PRESSURE

Biological Correlates of the Effects of Auricular Point Acupressure on Pain. By Chao Hsing Yeh, Nada Lukkahatai, Xinran Huang, Hulin Wu, Hongyu Wang, Jingyu Zhang, Xinyi Sun, Thomas J Smith. Pub. by Pain Manag Nurs. 2023 Feb;24(1):19-26. PMID: 36543665 PMCID: PMC9928890 (available on 2024-02-01) DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.11.004

The current findings further support the potential role of inflammatory biomarkers in the analgesic effects of auricular point acupressure. More work is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of auricular point acupressure on chronic pain. Because it is simple, inexpensive, and has no negative side effects, auricular point acupressure can be widely disseminated as an alternative to opioids.

PAIN, VACCINE INJECTION, INFANTS

The effect of foot reflexology massage on pain during vaccine injection in infants referred to Rasht Comprehensive Health Center: A randomized clinical trial. By Parichehr Shahroudi, Minomitra Chehrzad, Atefeh Ghanbari, Parand Pourghane, Bahram Naderi-nabi, Mohsen Mohammadi, Zahra Atrkarroushan. Pub. by Int. J. of Pediatrics, Volume 11, Issue 2, February 2023, Pages 17366-17373.

Foot reflexology massage can reduce the pain during pentavalent injection in infants and can be used as a simple and accessible non-pharmacological method to manage vaccination pain in infants.

ANXIETY, PAIN, DISTRESS, SLEEP QUALITY, PALLIATIVE CARE

The effects of foot reflexology on symptoms of discomfort in palliative care: a feasibility study. By Marie Lavarelo Marcolin, Andréa Tarot, Véronique Lombardo, Bruno Pereira, Axelle Van Lander & Virginie Guastella. Pub, by BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. Volume 23, Article number: 66 (2023)

This study confirms the feasibility of an Foot Reflexology session for patients hospitalized in a Palliative Care Unit. It resulted in a slight improvement in sleep quality. For other discomfort symptoms such as anxiety, pain and distress, foot reflexology yielded a non-significant improvement. Significant results would have needed a larger cohort.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, PAIN, FATIGUE, QUALITY OF LIFE

Systematic review and meta-analysis of reflexology for people with multiple sclerosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. By Xiaohong Ma, Zhaoyu Yuan, Baicheng Qian, Yunxiang Guan, Baoliang Wang. Pub. by Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Feb 3;102(5):e32661. PMID: 36749275 PMCID: PMC9902001 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032661

Reflexology therapy can be used as an effective intervention for the pain and fatigue of MS patients while improving the quality of life.

PAIN, LABOR, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

The effectiveness of auricular acupressure on pain management during labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. By Meng-Meng Xu, Qi Tian, Lin Yu, Shu Yang, Yan-Tong Liu, Shuang-Han Yu, Ming-Lu Cao, Wei Zhang. Pub. by Jpn J Nurs Sci. . 2023 Jan;20(1):e12512. PMID: 36134507 DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12512

Effective labor pain relief, better labor pain perception, and the lack of adverse effects support the use of auricular acupressure. More high-quality and rigorous trials are needed to verify our findings before we can make strong recommendations.

DYSMENORRHEA (MENSTRUAL PAIN), AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

Effects of auricular acupressure (AA) on dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. By Xianglu Kong, Hong Fang, Xiaoqian Li, Yanjuan Zhang, Yi Guo. Pub. by Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 5:13:1016222 PMID: 36686444 PMCID: PMC9851274 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1016222

Overall, AA, as a potential safety therapy, is effective for the management of dysmenorrhea, such as increasing cured rate, total effective rate, VAS, and symptom scores. However, AA alone has little effect on them compared to other therapies, and there is no definite conclusion on the benefits of AA compared to placebo for patients with dysmenorrhea. Rigorous RCTs with blind method and placebo control are warranted to confirm these findings.

2022

PAIN INTENSITY, STRETCHING EXERCISES, SPINE SURGERY

Effect of Foot Reflexology and Gentle Stretching Exercises on Pain Intensity in Patients after Spine Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Bakhshi, M., Ranjbar, H., Rostami, O., Chamanzari, H., & Bahrami-Taghanaki, H. (2022). Pub. by Evidence Based Care, 12(2), 32-40. doi: 10.22038/ebcj.2022.61714.2602

As evidenced by the results of the present study, foot reflexology effectively reduces pain intensity in patients after spine surgery. Therefore, it is recommended to be used by patients or their companions as an appropriate care measure for the reduction of pain after spine surgery.

PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, SPINAL SURGERY

B377 Reflexology as add-on treatment for the management of chronic pain after spinal surgery (CPSS). By Raptopoulou S, Tsaroucha A, Siafaka I, et al. Pub. by Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2022;47:A263-A264.

The results showed statistically significant changes in the mean pre and post treatment pain scores in patients with reflexology. In 85% of those patients the mean pain reduction was more than 70% and lasted for more than 6 months after the intervention. Conclusions: The integration of reflexology into the pharmacological usual care, can improve patients‘ quality of life, by reduction of pain and improvement of their functionality.

PAIN, OSTEOARTHRITIS, QUALITY OF LIFE, SENIORS

Effect of Foot Reflexology with Pharmacological Treatment on Pain and Quality of Life among Elderly Suffering from Osteoarthritis. By Baraka, S. (2022). Pub. by Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal, 24(1), pp. 224-251. doi: 10.21608/tsnj.2022.221577

Foot reflexology appears to have a significantly remarkable effect on pain reduction and improved quality of life. Also, the educational program of pharmacological osteoarthritis treatment was effective and improved elderly’s knowledge of both groups. Therefore, Foot reflexology technique should be recommended in hospital protocols and gerontological nursing curriculum beside pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis.

MUSCLE CRAMPS, FATIGUE, ADOLESCENTS

Reflexology Massage and Adolescents Undergoing Hemodialysis: Literature Review. By Asmaa Sabry Attia Hassan, Gawhara Gad Soliman Ebrahem, Josephin Atef Abed El-Magid, Omayma Mustafa Abu Samra. Pub. by Mansoura Nursing Journal (MNJ) Vol. 9. No. 2 – 2022 Print ISSN: 2735 – 4121 Online ISSN : 2735 – 413X

This study is applied to investigate the effect of reflexology massage on adolescents undergoing HD and found that, the use of reflexology massage for adolescents undergoing HD had appositive effect on muscle cramps and fatigue levels.

LOWER LEG PERFUSION (BLOOD FLOW), PAIN, DIABETES MELLITUS

'The Effect of Buerger Allen Exercise Versus Reflexology on Lower Extremity Perfusion and Pain among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus', By Rashwan, M., Bedier, N., El-Kharbotly, S., Ebrahim, Y., Sharaf, A. (2022). Pub. by Alexandria Scientific Nursing Journal, 24(1), pp. 13-25. doi: 10.21608/asalexu.2022.246002

Both Buerger Allen Exercise, and reflexology are effective in improving lower extremity perfusion among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetic patients who performed reflexology intervention experience less pain more than those who performed Buerger Allen exercise. Recommendations: Encourage health care providers to integrate Buerger Allen exercise & reflexology in the care protocols of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in different health care settings.

LABOR PAIN, SATISFACTION, PARTURIENT (BIRTHING) WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Relieving Labor Pain and Enhancing Satisfaction among Parturient Women. By Wafaa Mostafa Ahmed Gamel, Madiha Mohamed Tosson, Yousif A. Pub. by Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 2022 EJHC Vol. 13 No. 1 940.

Conclusion: Foot reflexology is an effective non- pharmacological method in relieving labor pain and enhancing satisfaction. Recommendation: Foot reflexology should be utilized by nurses as a non-pharmacological strategy to manage labor pain and enhance satisfaction among parturient women

PAIN, SHOULDER INJURY, YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS

The effect of rehabilitative exercises accompanying reflexology massage in the treatment of shoulder injury for young handball players. By A.P.D. Shymaa Ridha Ali, & Rasool Raad Adel. (2022). Pub. by Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 10, 21–29. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjm/article/view/2112

The most important recommendations were to use the proposed rehabilitation program to rehabilitate the dislocated shoulder injury for athletes to avoid the injury happening again, to use rubber rope exercises to rehabilitate the range of motion and to improve the neuromuscular response. The use of static muscle strength exercises and various flexibility exercises for the affected limb in the program with the use of reflexology points massage before each rehabilitation unit to reduce the feeling of pain.

PAIN INTENSITY, BALANCE, FLAT FOOT, GIRLS 14 - 18 YRS.

Effect of 8 weeks massage of foot reflexology on balance, leg arc and pain in girls aged 14 to 18 years with flat foot. By Fatemeh Shahriyari, Sajad Roshani, ebrahim mohammad ali nasasb firouzjah. Pub. by The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, (), pp. -. doi: 10.22037/sjrm.2022.117039.3096.

The results showed that reflexology massage has a significant effect on static balance (P=0.0001) and pain intensity (P=0.0001) of young girls with flat foot. However, no significant effect was observed on the arch of the foot (P=0.38) and the dynamic balance (P=0.36). Conclusion: Reflexology massage improves the proprioceptive information of the skin. Accordingly, it has had a positive effect on improving static balance and reducing the pain intensity of girls with flat foot.

PAIN, COMFORT, ORO/NASOPHARYNGEAL SUCTIONING, NEONATES

The effect of foot reflexology applied to neonates before oro/nasopharyngeal suctioning on procedural pain and comfort in the neonatal intensive care unit. By Nesrin Elif Ortakaş , Özlem Öztürk Şahin. Pub by European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2022 | 2 | 167-175.

It was concluded that foot reflexology applied to neonates was effective both in reducing pain during and after the suctioning and in increasing comfort during and after the suctioning.

PAIN, NEONATE,

Glucose and reflexology for pain relief during arterial puncture in neonates: a protocol. By Thatiane Monick de Souza Costa, Thatiane Evelyn de Lima Fernandes, Silmara de Oliveira Silva, Cintia Galvão Queiroz, Mayara Araújo Rocha, Fernando Hiago da Silva Duarte, Rodrigo Assis Neves Dantas, Daniele Vieira Dantas. Pub. by https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2022.20220103.en

On one hand, the use of oral glucose is currently very common in NICU care, being considered as a gold standard. On the other hand, reflexology is a new, low-cost strategy. However, there are still no evidence showing which intervention is more effective in neonate environment. The results of this trial will provide new knowledge in regard to the best intervention to relief neonate pain during painful procedures.

PAIN, CHILDREN, CRYING, HEARTBEAT, HEEL BLOOD SAMPLING

A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Study of Reflexology, Sucrose, and Other Treatments for Needle Procedures in Newborns. By Mahmut Caner Us, Mine Güneş Saran, Burcu Cebeci, Erkan Akkuş, Esma Şeker, Şadiye Sezin Şimşek Aybar. Pub. by Pediatr Neurol. 2022 Dec 5;140:47-54. PMID: 36608413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.019

JOINT PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP DEPRIVATION, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

Effect Of Hand Reflexology Massage On Pain, Fatigue And Sleep Deprivation In Patients Suffering From Rheumatoid Arthritis. By Sunil Kumar Sharma , Gurjar N. R. (2022). Pub. by Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 4633–4636. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S08.599

The study result findings revealed that there was significant reduction in joint pain, fatigue and sleep deprivation after administration of hand reflexology( p=0.005). Hand reflexology can be considered an effective intervention in reducing level of pain, fatigue and sleep deprivation among rheumatoid arthritis patients.

PAIN, ANXIETY, SLEEP QUALITY, PASSIVE MUSIC THERAPY, BURN DRESSING

The effect of reflexology massage and passive music therapy intervention before burn dressing on pain, anxiety level and sleep quality. By A. Kabuk, M. Şendir, G. Filinte. Pub. by Burns, Volume 48, Issue 7, November 2022, Pages 1743-1752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2021.10.012

Our results showed reflexology massage and passive music therapy before burn dressing reduced pain and anxiety level, and increased sleep quality.

PAIN, SUCTIONING, NEONATES

The effect of foot reflexology before suctioning on pain and SPO2 in neonates under nasal CPAP hospitalized in the NICU. By Zahra Masoumi, SeyedHamid SeyedBagheri, Babak Bakhtar, Tabandeh Sadeghi. Pub. by Journal of Neonatal Nursing, Available online 21 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2022.11.006

Reflexology before suctioning is effective in reducing pain in neonates. Additional studies are recommended on changing the time and duration of reflexology and examining the effects.

PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATORY RATE, PATIENT SATISFACTION, ABDOMINAL SURGERY

A randomized controlled trial of reflexology effect after abdominal surgery on patient satisfaction, pain and vital signs. By Gürkan Kapıkıran, Semra Bulbuloglu, Huseyin Gunes, Serdar Saritaş, Bilsev Demir. Pub. by Explore (NY). 2022 Oct 27;S1550-8307(22)00201-4. PMID: 36335059 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.10.017

LABOR PAIN, SATISFACTION, PARTURIENT (BIRTHING) WOMEN

LOW BACK PAIN, OPERATING ROOM NURSES,

The Effect of Reflexology on Low Back Pain in Operating Room Nurses. By Didem Kandemir Ayşegül Abdullayev, Ezgi Seyhan Ak, Gülay Altun Uğraş, Nevin Kanan. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. 2022 Mar-Apr 01; 36(2):112-118. PMID: 33306494 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000428

In this study, reflexology significantly reduced the pain of nurses who had low back pain. Therefore, reflexology might be useful in controlling low back pain of operating room nurses.

PAIN, HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Arteriovenous Fistula Access Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Seyedeh Faezeh Razavi, Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili, Sakineh Goljarian, Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi, Mohammad Gholipour, Alehe Seyedrasooli. Pub. by Evidence Based Care Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1
April 2022 Pages 23-30. https://doi.org/10.22038/ebcj.2022.62166.2621

Implications for Practice: It is recommended that foot reflexology be used to reduce the pain of needle entry into the arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients since reflexology is non-invasive nursing care with an easy procedure and effective in pain relief.

PAIN, AROMATHERAPY, LABOUR, WOMEN

'Comparison of the Effects of Foot Trigger Reflexology with Aromatherapy on Anxiety, Pain, and Outcomes of Pregnancy in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial', By Shokrollahi, P., Farahi, F. (2022). Pub. by Women’s Health Bulletin, 9(4), pp. 191-199. doi: 10.30476/whb.2022.96397.1191

The reflexology with aromatic oil was found to be more effective than that with non-aromatic oil. Furthermore, the pain rate at the time of labor reduced in the intervention groups compared to that in the control group.

LABOUR DURATION, PAIN, WOMEN

The effect of foot reflexology on duration of labor and neonatal apgar score in nulliparous women: A randomized clinical trial. By Valiani, M., Kianpour, M., Shiran, E. Pub. by Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility Volume 25, Issue 1, March 2022, Pages 46-55

Foot reflexology directly reduce the labor duration and labor pain which is effective in contribute to shorten the prevalence of asphyxia (breathing difficulty) and improving the Apgar score (Baby’s evaluation).

ANXIETY, PAIN, FIRST TIME PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effectiveness of Breathing Exercises, Foot Reflexology and Massage (BRM) on Maternal and Newborn Outcomes Among Primigravidae in Saudi Arabia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Kamilya Baljon, Muhammad Hibatullah Romli, Adibah Hanim Ismail, Lee Khuan, Boon-How Chew. Pub by Int J Womens Health. 2022 Feb 25;14:279-295. PMID: 35241937 PMCID: PMC8887672 DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S347971

The labor unit management could consider adopting breathing exercises, foot reflexology, and massage (BRM) as one of the non-pharmacological analgesia for healthy women in labor.

PAIN, ANXIETY, SLEEP, FATIGUE, HEMODIALYSIS

Effect of Complementary and Integrative Treatments on Fatigue Symptoms in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review. By Melek Yeşil Bayülgen, Meral Gün. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. 2022 Jan-Feb 01; 36(1):17-27. PMID: 34783697 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000489

In the literature, acupressure, aromatherapy, reflexology, massage, and yoga practice were found to be applied to hemodialysis patients and be effective in reducing pain and anxiety as well as improving sleep quality. It is recommended that these methods be included in the routine clinical care of patients receiving hemodialysis.

SENIORS, LOMBALGIA (LOW BACK PAIN), QUALITY OF LIFE

The Effect of Reflexology based on Watson’s Caring Model on Lombalgia and Quality of Life in Older Adults. By Gülpınar Aslan, Dilek Kiliç. Pub. by Ageing International volume 47, pages 596–616 28 January 2022.

Reflexology based on Watson’s Caring Model was found to have positive effects on lombalgia and quality of life in older adults.

PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, CANCER

Well-being treatments in cancer care: patient benefits. By Guillaume Buiret, Sophie Lantheaume. Pub. by BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2022 Jan 19;bmjspcare-2021-003458. PMID: 35045979 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003458.

The well-being treatments studied (foot reflexology, socio-aesthetics, sophrology and singing) provided significant pain relief and increased well-being in patients with cancer after their completion.

UTERINE AFTER PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN,

A randomized clinical trial on the effect of foot reflexology performed in the fourth stage of labor on uterine afterpain. By Neda Sharifi, Narjes Bahri, Fatemeh Hadizadeh-Talasaz, Hoda Azizi, Hossein Nezami, Hamid Reza Tohidinik. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Jan 21; 22(1):57. PMID: 35062899 PMCID: PMC8783404 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04376-w

The results revealed that foot reflexology in the fourth stage of labor has positive effects on relief from uterine afterpain. Reflexology is therefore recommended as a measure to reduce postpartum uterine after pains.

PAIN, GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY,

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Reflexology Massage and Rose Aromatherapy on Pain Severity in Patients Undergoing Gastric Bypass surgery in Amin Hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 2021. By Arezoo Hassanpour Esfahani, Seyed ali Naji. Pub, by Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2022; 30 (1) :63-71. URL: http://nmj.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-2375-en.html

As evidenced by the results of the present study, reflexology massage was more effective than aromatherapy in the reduction of pain in women undergoing gastric bypass surgery. This treatment is recommended to all members of the treatment team.

PAIN, ANXIETY, QUALITY OF LIFE, OPEN HEART SURGERY

"The effects of foot reflexology upon pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction among patients having undergone open-heart surgery". By Uzun Şahin, Ceyda , Çilingir, Dilek . Pub. by Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39 / 1 (January 2022): 17-23 .

In this research, patients in the test group were reported to have a statistically significant decrease in the mean scores of the visual analog scale when compared with the scores of patients in the control group (p<0.05). Although no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was measured between the mean scores of the state-trait anxiety inventory and the visual analog scale of patient satisfaction completed by patients in the test and control groups, it was also noted that both groups were exceptionally satisfied. The findings of this research can be utilized to alleviate pain, lessen patients' anxiety levels during the post-operation phase, and elevate patient satisfaction levels.

PAIN, CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS

Non-pharmacology Interventions on Pain in Critically Ill Patient: A Scoping Review. By Leutualy V, Madiuw D, Tasijawa FA, Sumah DF, Manuhutu F, Maelissa S. Pub. by Open Access Maced J Med Sci [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 10 [cited 2023 Apr. 25];10(F):182-9. Available from: https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/7985

The search results obtained 1875 articles and 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Found several non-pharmacological interventions to prevent and reduce pain intensity in critically ill patients, including music therapy, massage, reflexology, cold therapy, and topical heat therapy.

2021

PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, LEUKEMIA, CHILDREN,

The effects of foot reflexology on pain and physiological indicators in children with leukemia under chemotherapy: a clinical trial study. By Fereshteh Ghaljaei, Alia Jalalodini. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2021 Dec 30; 26(6):955-961. PMID: 34992868 PMCID: PMC8726439 DOI: 10.5603/RPOR.a2021.0116

The results showed that foot reflexology had a significant effect on reducing pain (p = 0.002) and improving physiological indicators [blood pressure (p = 0.002) and heart rate (p = 0.003)]. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, which shows the positive effect of foot reflexology on the improvement of pain and physiological indicators, foot reflexology can be used as a complementary treatment along with conventional therapies.

PAIN, ACUPRESSURE, NEW BORN INFANTS

A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Effect of Acupressure and Foot Reflexology on Pain During Heel-Lancing in Neonates. By Ayşe Özge Deniz, Ayfer Açikgöz. Clin Nurs Res. 2021 Dec 26; 10547738211061815. PMID: 34955035 DOI: 10.1177/10547738211061815.

Advanced analyses found that the pain scores in the acupressure and foot reflexology groups were similar, whereas the pain scores in the control group were higher than in the other two groups. Acupressure and foot reflexology administered during heel lancing in newborns are effective methods for reducing pain.

NAUSEA, PAIN, CANCER

Foot Reflexology: An Intervention for Pain and Nausea Among Inpatients With Cancer. By Kristen D Anderson, Marty Downey. Clin. J Oncol. Nurs. 2021 Oct 1; 25(5):539-545. PMID: 34533507 DOI: 10.1188/21.CJON.539-545

Results show that foot reflexology significantly decreases pain for inpatients with cancer as compared to traditional nursing care alone. Although the effects on nausea are not statistically significant, they may be clinically relevant; the mean changes in pre- and post session nausea ratings indicate at least some decreased nausea among patients in the intervention group.

PAIN, NEW BORN INFANTS, MOTHERS

The effect on pain level and comfort of foot massages given by mothers to newborns before heel lancing: Double-blind randomized controlled study. By Seçil Yavaş, Tülay Bülbül, Hilal Topçu Gavas. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2021 Oct; 18(4):e12421. PMID: 33880884 DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12421

It was determined that the foot massage performed by the mother reduced the pain level of babies, increased their comfort levels, and decreased their distress levels.

DELIRIUM, SLEEP, PAIN, CARDIAC SURGERY

The effect of foot reflexology massage on delirium and sleep quality following cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial. By Ahmad Fazlollah, Hosein Babatabar Darzi, Esmail Heidaranlu, Seyed Tayeb Moradian. Complement Ther Med. 2021 Aug; 60:102738. PMID: 34029674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102738

Foot reflexology was not effective in reducing delirium and improving the sleep quality, but the pain intensity was decreased. It seems that the precise pathology and predicting model of delirium should be identified, and appropriate interventions should be planned accordingly.

CHILDBIRTH, PAIN MANAGEMENT, PREGNANCY, WOMEN,

Reflexology in Childbirth Pain Management. By Hadis Rahimi, Hossein Elyasi, Nasrin Galehdar. Pub. by Acta Medica Iranica Vol 59, No 6 (Aug. 2021).

Results of all articles showed that if true reflexology is performed on the right location of the body and at the appropriate time, the pain of delivery can be significantly decreased. Reflexology is appropriate pain relief and prophylaxis for any kind of pain, especially delivery and post-delivery pain. It is a safe remedy with no adverse effects reported so far.

PAIN, ANXIETY, VITAL SIGNS, VENIPUNCTURE PROCEDURE (TAKING BLOOD SAMPLE), HAND MASSAGE

Effect of Hand Massage on Pain, Anxiety, and Vital Signs in Patients Before Venipuncture Procedure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Saadet Erzincanli, Kadriye Sayin Kasar. Pain Manag Nurs. 2021 Jun; 22(3):356-360. PMID: 33472757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.12.005

Hand massage was found to be a simple, non-pharmacologic, inexpensive, and independent nursing practice that could be used to reduce anxiety and positively affect vital signs in patients before venipuncture procedure.

PAIN, AURICULAR POINT ACUPRESSURE

Effects of Auricular Point Acupressure on Pain Relief: A Systematic Review. By Miaomiao Liu, Yingge Tong, Ling Chai, Siqing Chen, Zihao Xue, Yi Chen, Xiaoyan Li. Pain Manag Nurs. 2021 Jun; 22(3):268-280. PMID: 32950391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.07.007.

This systematic review revealed important trends in Auricular Point Acupressure (APA) treatments, which could be essential in determining treatment efficacy. Regardless of pain intensity, APA effectively treated most acute pain when combined with other interventions. Although it was used alone to treat low back pain and dysmenorrhea, other chronic diseases typically underwent a combination of APA with other interventions. The 43 positive studies revealed that acute pain required shorter APA intervention periods than chronic pain.

PAIN, WOUND HEALING, CESAREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effect of Complementary Medicine on Pain Relief and Wound Healing after Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review. By Azin Niazi, Maryam Moradi, Vahid Reza Askari, and Neda Sharifi. Pub. by J Pharmacopuncture. 2021 Jun 30; 24(2): 41–53. doi: 10.3831/KPI.2021.24.2.41 PMCID: PMC8220509 PMID: 34249394

Finally, 28 clinical trials (with a sample size of 3,245) scored at least 3 on the Jadad scale were included into the analysis. This article reviewed 13 articles on medicinal herbs, 4 articles on massage, 1 article on reflexology, 2 articles on acupressure. According to the present review, the use of medicinal herbs was the most common method of complementary medicine in pain relief and wound healing after cesarean section.

ANXIETY, PAIN, AROMATHERAPY, BRACHYTHERAPY (Radiation Therapy) , CERVICAL CANCER.

Effect of Foot Reflexology and Aromatherapy on Anxiety and Pain During Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer. By Lisa Blackburn, Catherine Hill, Amy Lindsey, Loraine T. Sinnott, Kathrynn Thompson, Allison Quick. Pub. by Oncology Nursing Forum. Number 3 / May 2021. PMID: 33855996 DOI: 10.1188/21.ONF.265-276

All average pain and anxiety scores were equal or lower at each key time point for the intervention group. Statistically significant differences were found for the intervention group for anxiety on the numeric rating scale and on the STAI, but only post-reflexology. Implications for nursing: Nurses and other healthcare providers can be trained to provide reflexology during painful, anxiety-producing procedures to increase patient tolerance of these treatments and overall quality of life.

PAIN, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, SPACTICITY, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Massage therapy as a complementary and alternative approach for people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. By Zakieh Heidari, Shahnaz Shahrbanian & Chungyi Chiu (2022). Pub. by Disability and Rehabilitation. 44:20, 5758-5769, DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1949051

A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. We rated 5 studies as fair and 7 studies as good. Fatigue was improved by different massage styles, such as reflexology, nonspecific therapeutic massage, and Swedish massage. Pain, anxiety, and depression were effectively improved by reflexology techniques. Spasticity was reduced by Swedish massage and reflexology techniques.

PAIN, NEW BORN INFANTS

The effect of foot reflexology on procedural pain before heel lancing in neonates. By D Yilmaz, F Yilmaz Kurt. Arch Pediatr. 2021 May; 28(4):278-284. PMID: 33715931 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.02.015

The application of foot reflexology before invasive procedures, such as heel lance in newborns, is an effective non-pharmacological method for reducing invasive pain. Thus, reflexology could be used to reduce neonates' pain and soothe them during painful procedures such as heel lance.

PAIN, COMFORT, BIRTH MOTHERS

Effect of Foot Massages on Postpartum Comfort and Pain Level of Mothers After Vaginal Delivery: A Randomized Trial. By Sibel Icke, Rabia Genc. Holist Nurs Pract. 2021 May-Jun 01; 35(3):140-149. PMID: 33853098 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000441

It was concluded that foot massages positively improved comfort, reduced pain levels, and reduced unnecessary medications.

LABOUR PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Reduction of Labour Pain Among Primigravida Mothers. By Manju Mohan, RN, RM and Linda Varghese, RN, RM. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2021 Mar; 14(1): 21–29. PMCID: PMC7892334 PMID: 33654503

The findings showed that foot reflexology was effective in relief of labour pain, with a high degree of patient satisfaction in primigravida mothers

PAIN, ANXIETY, LABOR DURATION, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

The effect of reflexology on labor pain, anxiety, labor duration, and birth satisfaction in primiparous pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. By Semra Akköz Çevik, İlknur Incedal. Pub. by Health Care Women Int. 2021;42(4-6):710-725. PMID: 32877317 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1800014

VAS mean scores and State Anxiety Inventory mean scores of the experimental group were found to be statistically significantly lower than the control group. Reflexology was effective in decreasing pain and anxiety and increasing the birth satisfaction during the first stage of labor.

PAIN, DEPRESSION, ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY

Effects of Reflexology on the Pain Intensity among Patients with Depression after Receiving Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Maryam Aliashraf Jodat, Leyla Alilu, Sohila Ahangarzadeh Rezayee, Rasool Gharaaghaji Asl. J Caring Sci. 2021 Mar 3;10(3):129-136. PMID: 34849356 PMCID: PMC8609114 DOI: 10.34172/jcs.2021.007

The results of this study showed the positive effect of reflexology on reducing the intensity of pain in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Thus, it is recommended that nurses, health care providers, and caregivers use reflexology to reduce pain in patients with depression receiving ECT.

ANXIETY, PAIN, BURN

Randomized controlled trial of the foot reflexology on pain and anxiety severity during dressing change in burn patients. By Fahimeh Davodabady, Vahid Naseri-Salahshour, Mahbobeh Sajadi, Abolfazl Mohtarami, Fatemeh Rafiei. Burns. 2021 Feb; 47(1):215-221. PMID: 32739224 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.06.035

Our results showed foot reflexology is an appropriate and safe intervention for management of pain and anxiety of burn patients. Therefore, it can be used as a complementary method alongside other methods.

ANXIETY, CHEST PAIN, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Effect of foot reflexology on chest pain and anxiety in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A double blind randomized clinical trial. By Saeedeh Sayari, Monir Nobahar, Raheb Ghorbani. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021 Feb; 42:101296. PMID: 33348306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101296

Foot reflexology was effective in attenuating chest pain, had the most effect in 20 min after intervention, and can be used to relieve chest pain in patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACK PAIN, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

The effects of foot reflexology on back pain after coronary angiography: A randomized controlled trial. By Mojgan Kardan, Bahare Zarei, Hamidreza BahramiTaghanaki, Seyyed Abolfazl Vagharseyyedin, Nahid Azdaki. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Feb; 38:101068. PMID: 31739213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101068

Foot reflexology is effective in significantly reducing back pain after Coronary Angiography.

PAIN, WOMEN, PREGNANCY

The effect of guided imagery and reflexology on pain intensity, duration of labor and birth satisfaction in primiparas: randomized controlled trial. By Ece Kaplan, Semra Çevik. Health Care Women Int. 2021; 42(4-6):691-709. PMID: 34156906 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1880411

The mean VAS (visual analogue scale for pain) scores of the experimental groups were statistically lower than the mean score of the control group. The difference between the time averages of the groups was significant. Birth satisfaction mean scores of the experimental groups was higher than the control group.

LABOR PAIN, CHILDBIRTH, WOMEN

Effect of plantar reflexology on labor pain and childbirth experience: A randomized controlled clinical trial. By Jameei-Moghaddam, M., Goljaryan, S., Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi, S., Taghavi, S. and Mirghafourvand, M. (2021), Pub. by J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 47: 2082-2092. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14755

The results of the study showed that plantar reflexology can reduce the severity of labor pain and the length of third stage of labor.

PAIN, ANXIETY, QUALITY OF LIFE, FOOT MASSAGE, CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY

Effects of foot massage on relieving pain, anxiety and improving quality of life of patients undergone a cervical spine surgery. By Nana Ren, Guangmin Yang, Xiaofeng Ren, Lekun Li. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021 Jan 19; 19(1):22. PMID: 33468148 PMCID: PMC7814554 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-021-01667-2

This study found that foot massage was effective in alleviating pain and anxiety, while improving quality of life in patients undergone ACDF, indicating that this intervention should be considered in the clinical management of these patients.

PAIN, SPIRITUALITY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

*Pain and Spirituality Outcomes Among Women With Advanced Breast Cancer Participating in a Foot Reflexology Trial. By Megan Miller, Ding Xu, Rebecca H Lehto, Jason S Moser. Pub. by Oncology Nursing Forum 48(1):31-43 Jan. 2021. DOI:10.1188/21.ONF.31-43

Self-reported spirituality and pain were not associated with uptake of the reflexology intervention, indicating a need for further research into potential factors contributing to intervention engagement. Overall, this work highlights the need for continued nursing efforts to enhance pain management strategies for individuals with advanced cancer, which may include components of spirituality.

2020

POST OPERATIVE PAIN, FRACTURE, EAR REFLEXOLOGY

Effect of auricular point pressing therapy on postoperative pain of fracture: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. By Zhe Yin, Wenjun Zhang, Yi Zeng, Xi Su. Pub. by Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Dec 18; 99(51):e23696. PMID: 33371113 PMCID: PMC7748313 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023696

This systematic review explored whether auricular point pressing therapy is effective on the intervention of postoperative pain after fracture.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY PAIN, SLEEP, NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA

The Effect of Foot Massage on Peripheral Neuropathy-Related Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. By Pınar Sarısoy Ozlem Ovayolu. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2020; 34(6):345-355. PMID: 33060497 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000412

It has been shown that foot massage intervention reduces the patients' pain levels and has a positive effect on their sleep quality. Accordingly, foot massage can be recommended to patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to reduce their peripheral neuropathy-related pain and improve their sleep quality.

PAIN, BREAST CANCER, MASTECTOMY, RADIOTHERAPY

Effect of Foot Reflexology Massage on Pain and Need for Opioid in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Mastectomy after Radiotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Eghdam-Zamiri, Dorosti. Pub. by Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Disease. 2020; 13(1):8-16.

Foot reflexology massage reduced the severity of pain and the need for opioids in women who are candidates for mastectomy following radiation therapy.

ANXIETY, LABOR PAIN, LABOR DURATION, BIRTH SATISFACTION, PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN

The effect of reflexology on labor pain, anxiety, labor duration, and birth satisfaction in primiparous pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. By Akköz Çevik S, Incedal İ. Pub. by Health Care Women Int. 2021;42(4-6):710-725. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2020.1800014. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PMID: 32877317.

Reflexology was effective in decreasing pain and anxiety and increasing the birth satisfaction during the first stage of labor.

PAIN, COMFORT, BETA ENDORPHIN LEVELS, LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Pain, Comfort and Beta Endorphin Levels in Patients with Liver Transplantation: A randomized control trial. By Kapikiran, Gurkan & Ozkan, Meral. (2021). Pub. by European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 45. 101344. 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101344.

Pain levels of the patients who underwent foot reflexology decreased more than the patients who did not undergo reflexology, and their beta endorphin and comfort levels increased more. Reflexology can be used as a non pharmacological treatment option offered in post-operative nursing care.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, SPASTICITY, PAIN

EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY IN MYOFASCIAL SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. By Оstаpyak, Zinovyi & Mytckan, Bogdan & Bejga, Przemyslaw & Gerich, Roman & Popel, Serg. (2020). Pub. by Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960). 73. 1950-1956.

The use of reflexology in conjunction with stretching leads to a reduction in muscle spasticity and pain, as evidenced by electrophysiological indicators that substantiate their feasibility in the practice of physical therapy to improve the functional status of patients with MPS in MS.

PAIN, ANXIETY, SLEEP QUALITY, BURN PATIENTS

The effect of foot reflexology massage on burn-specific pain anxiety and sleep quality and quantity of patients hospitalized in the burn intensive care unit (ICU). By Reza Alinia-Najjar, Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami, Seyed Afshin Shorofi Seyed Nouraddin Mousavinasab, Kiarash Saatchi. Pub. by Burns. 2020 Dec; 46(8):1942-1951. PMID: 32873443 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.04.035

Based on the results, foot reflexology massage can effectively reduce pain anxiety levels and improve sleep quality and quantity of patients with burn injuries; therefore, this non- pharmacological therapeutic method is recommended to be used in the burn ICUs.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY PAIN, SLEEP, NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA

The Effect of Foot Massage on Peripheral Neuropathy-Related Pain and Sleep Quality in Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. By Pınar Sarısoy Ozlem Ovayolu. Pub. by Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2020; 34(6):345-355. PMID: 33060497 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000412

PAIN, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, QUALITY OF LIFE, CANCER, PALLIATIVE CARE

Complementary Therapies for Patients with Cancer: Reflexology and Relaxation in Integrative Palliative Care. A Randomized Controlled Comparative Study. By Alexandra Mantoudi, Efi Parpa, Eleni Tsilika, Chrysanthi Batistaki, Maria Nikoloudi, Vassilios Kouloulias, Sotiria Kostopoulou, Antonis Galanos , Kyriaki Mystakidou. Pub. by J Altern Complement Med. 2020 Sep; 26(9):792-798. PMID: 32924560 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0402

Both interventions, relaxation and reflexology, seemed to be effective in decreasing anxiety and depression in patients with cancer. However, reflexology was found to be more effective in improving quality of life (physical component) and to have a greater effect on pain management than relaxation.

PAIN, ANXIETY, FOOT MASSAGE, CARDIAC SURGERY

Efficacy of Precise Foot Massage Therapy on Pain and Anxiety Following Cardiac Surgery: Pilot Study. By Rana Alameri, Grace Dean, Jessica Castner, Ellen Volpe, Yasser Elghoneimy, Carla Jungquist. Pub. by Pain Manag Nurs. 2020 Aug; 21(4):314-322. PMID: 31734151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2019.09.005

The findings of this study indicate that foot massage significantly (p < .05) decreases pain intensity and anxiety in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery compared with a placebo control group.

ANXIETY, FATIGUE, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY

Effects of foot massage and patient education in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized controlled trial. By Ramesh Chandrababu, Baby S Nayak, Vasudev Baburaya Pai, Ravishankar N, Linu Sara George, Elsa Sanatombi Devi, Anice George. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Aug; 40:101215. PMID: 32891291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101215

The combined form of foot massage and patient education is effective in decreasing anxiety, fatigue, pain, and increasing self-efficacy and the quality of life. These interventions will support the recovery of patients and reduce their suffering.

PAIN, FATIGUE, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

The Effect of Hand Reflexology Massage on Pain and Fatigue in Patients after Coronary Angiography: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. By Nahid Rejeh, Seyed Davood Tadrisi, Shahrooz Yazdani, Kiarash Saatchi, Mojtaba Vaismoradi. Pub. by Nurs Res Pract. 2020 Aug 29; 2020: 8386167 PMID: 32908698 PMCID: PMC7475748 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8386167

Statistically significant differences were observed in pain and fatigue scores between the groups after the intervention (P = 0.001). The intervention had medium to large effects on the patients' pain and fatigue. Hand reflexology as a nonpharmacological and safe technique, can be used by nurses along with other pharmacologic interventions in order to reduce patients' suffering related to invasive procedures.

PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP, KIDNEY TRANSPLANT SURGERY

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Pain, Fatigue, and Quality of Sleep after Kidney Transplantation Surgery: A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial. By Atena Samarehfekri, Mahlagha Dehghan, Mansoor Arab, Mohammad Reza Ebadzadeh. Pub. by Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Aug 1; 2020:5095071. PMID: 32831868 PMCID: PMC7421603 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5095071

Foot reflexology may reduce pain and fatigue and improve sleep quality of patients after kidney transplantation.

PAIN, CRITICALLY ILL TRAUMA PATIENTS, FOOT MASSAGE

Effects of Foot Massage on Pain Severity during Change Position in Critically Ill Trauma Patients; A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Khodayar Oshvandi, Zahra Veladati, Marzieh Mahmoodi, Farshid Rahimi Bashar, Azim Azizi. Pub. by Bull Emerg Trauma. 2020 Jul; 8(3):156-162. PMID: 32944575 PMCID: PMC7468228 DOI: 10.30476/BEAT.2020.86094

Foot massage decreases the pain intensity related to the change of position in unconscious trauma patients admitted in the ICU. Due to its simplicity and low cost, this method can be used along with analgesic drugs to reduce pain in patients.

PAIN, INTENSIVE CARE PATIENTS

The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain of the Intensive Care Patients: A Parallel Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. By Masoumeh Momeni, Mansoor Arab, Mahlagha Dehghan, Mehdi Ahmadinejad. Pub. by Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Jun 13; 2020:3450853. PMID: 32617105 PMCID: PMC7306861 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3450853

Using foot massage, by both nurses and family members can reduce the pain of ICU patients. This intervention may improve the nursing care quality with the least cost and complications.

PAIN, ANXIETY, HAND MASSAGE, LIVER TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

Effect of hand massage on pain and anxiety in patients after liver transplantation: A randomised controlled trial. By Bilsev Demir, Serdar Saritas. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 May; 39:101152. PMID: 32379634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101152.

The hand massage applied to liver transplant patients positively affected and decreased the severity of pain, and anxiety levels.

FOOT & HAND MASSAGE, ANXIETY, PAIN, CHOLECYSTECTOMY (GALL BLADDER REMOVAL)

Efficacy of Hand and Foot Massage in Anxiety and Pain Management Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Controlled Randomized Study. By Kezban Koraş Sözen, Neziha Karabulut. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2020 Apr; 30(2):111-116. PMID: 31855924 DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000738.

Foot and hand massage are influential in decreasing pain and anxiety levels after surgeries for patients who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

PAIN, BREAST CANCER, SLEEP, WOMEN

Symptom response analysis of a randomized controlled trial of reflexology for symptom management among women with advanced breast cancer. By Alla Sikorskii, Pratim Guha Niyogi, David Victorson, Deimante Tamkus, Gwen Wyatt. Pub. by Support Care Cancer. 2020 Mar; 28(3):1395-1404. PMID: 31267277 PMCID: PMC6939151 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04959-y.

Home-based caregiver-delivered reflexology was helpful in decreasing patient-reported pain. Age, comorbid conditions, and depression are potentially important tailoring factors for future research and can be used to identify patients who may benefit from reflexology.

ANXIETY, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, PALLIATIVE CARE

*The effectiveness of aromatherapy, massage and reflexology in people with palliative care needs: A systematic review. By Bridget Candy, Megan Armstrong, Kate Flemming, Nuriye Kupeli, Patrick Stone, Victoria Vickerstaff, Susie Wilkinson. Pub. by Palliat Med. 2020 Feb; 34(2):179-194. PMID: 31659939 PMCID: PMC7000853 DOI: 10.1177/0269216319884198

In comparison with usual care, another therapy or an active control, evidence on the effectiveness of massage and aromatherapy in reducing anxiety, pain and improving quality-of-life was inconclusive. There was some evidence (low quality) that compared to an active control, reflexology reduced pain. This review identified a relatively large number of trials, but with poor and heterogeneous evidence. New clinical recommendations cannot be made based on current evidence. To help provide more definitive trial findings, it may be useful first to understand more about the best way to measure the effectiveness of these therapies in palliative care.

PAIN, CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

The effects of foot reflexology on back pain after coronary angiography: A randomized controlled trial. By Mojgan Kardan, Bahare Zarei, Hamidreza BahramiTaghanaki, Seyyed Abolfazl Vagharseyyedin, Nahid Azdaki. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Feb; 38:101068. PMID: 31739213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101068

Back pain intensity significantly increased after angiography in both groups (P < 0.05). Yet, pain intensity in the reflexology group at all post-intervention measurement time points was significantly less than the control group (P < 0.001). Foot reflexology is effective in significantly reducing back pain after Coronary Angiography.

PAIN, ANXIETY, SEIZURE ACTIVITY

Reflexology and Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome - A Case Study. By Vicky Mood LPN, LMT MA52046 Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology 2020, Jan. www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com

For this study, both the therapist and subject noticed marked improvements in the ease of mobility, a decrease in the number and intensity of seizures, decrease in pain, and a decrease in anxiety levels. Although not a focus of this study, the subject reported better sleep patterns; the effect of which was greatly noted and welcomed. While it would be remiss of this therapist to declare that all people that suffer with RSD would benefit from reflexology on the basis of one case study, this case study does support the exploration of reflexology use in others that have RSD.

2019

ANXIETY, PAIN, CHILDREN

Evaluation of efficacy and feasibility of foot reflexology in children experiencing chronic or persistent pain. By Amandine Bertrand, Claire-Emmanuelle Mauger-Vauglin, Sophie Martin, Florence Goy, Chantal Delafosse, Perrine Marec-Berard. Bull Cancer. 2019 Dec; 106(12):1073-1079. PMID: 31358289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2019.05.008

In 192 pediatric patients, Foot Reflexology significantly reduce pain and anxiety in children suffering from persistent or chronic pain. This Complementary & Alternative Medicine could have a place in pain management in children but needs to be evaluated in larger cohorts.

PAIN, CARDIAC SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

Does Hand Massage Have Sustained Effects on Pain Intensity and Pain-Related Interference in the Cardiac Surgery Critically Ill? A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Madalina Boitor, Géraldine Martorella, Christine Maheu, Andréa Maria Laizner, Céline Gélinas. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019 Dec; 20(6):572-579. PMID: 31103505 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2019.02.011

Hand massage could help patients experience longer periods without pain and lower levels of maximum pain intensity. When coupled with recovery activities, hand massage could reduce pain-related interference with functioning.

FATIGUE, PAIN, SLEEP, LYMPHOMA

The effect of foot reflexology on fatigue, pain, and sleep quality in lymphoma patients: A clinical trial. By Masoume Rambod, Nilofar Pasyar, Mohammad Shamsadini. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Dec; 43:101678. PMID: 31669916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101678

The results showed that reflexology could reduce fatigue and pain and improve the quality of sleep in patients with lymphoma. Considering the effectiveness of reflexology in lymphoma patients, healthcare workers including nurses are recommended to use this complementary therapy to reduce fatigue and pain and improve sleep quality in lymphoma patients.

ANXIETY, PAIN, FATIGUE, CARE BURDEN SCORE, CANCER, CAREGIVERS

Caregiver-Delivered Foot Reflexology: Effects on Patients and Caregivers. By Sevgin Samancioglu Baglama, Ercan Bakir. Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2019; 33(6):338-345. PMID: 31609870 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000351.

Mean pain, anxiety, and fatigue levels significantly decreased for the patients who received foot reflexology from their caregivers for 15 days compared with patients in the control group. The mean care burden score of the caregivers in both groups decreased. Clinicians should teach caregiving practices such as foot reflexology and know that these practices are a positive influence on both patients and caregivers.

PAIN, APPENDECTOMY, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

Comparing the Effect of Foot and Hand Reflexology on Pain Severity after Appendectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Hosein Taheri, Vahid Naseri-Salahshour, Ahmadreza Abedi, Mahbobeh Sajadi. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019 Nov 7; 24(6):451-456. PMID: 31772920 PMCID: PMC6875882 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_85_18

The results of this study showed that foot reflexology was more effective than hand reflexology in pain alleviation.

PAIN, NEW BORN INFANTS, ACUPRESSURE

The effects of acupressure and foot massage on pain during heel lancing in neonates: A randomized controlled trial. By Tuba Koç Özkan, Didem Şimşek Küçükkelepçe, Semiha Aydin Özkan. Complement Ther Med. 2019 Oct; 46:103-108. PMID: 31519265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.004

Acupressure and foot massage were effective in reducing pain in neonates during the heel lancing procedure. However, there was no statistically significant difference between acupressure and foot massage. Acupressure and foot massage techniques can be applied for procedural pain management in the newborn.

PAIN, ANXIETY, FOOT MASSAGE, CHOLECYSTECTOMY (GALL BLADDER REMOVAL)

The Effect of Foot Massage on Postoperative Pain and Anxiety Levels in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Experimental Study. By Kezban Koraş, Neziha Karabulut. J Perianesth Nurs. 2019 Jun; 34(3):551-558. PMID: 30470466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2018.07.006.

Foot massage decreased postoperative pain and anxiety levels in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery.

PAIN, NAUSEA, ANXIETY, PERIOPERATIVE SYMPTOMS (BEFORE, DURING & AFTER SURGERY)

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions for perioperative symptoms: A comparative effectiveness study. By Elad Schiff, Samuel Attias, Ibrahim Matter, Gideon Sroka, Bluma Nae, Zahi Arnon, Noah Samuels, Ofra Grinberg, Eran Ben-Arye. Pub. by Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 44, June 2019, Pages 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.003

Perioperative symptoms such as pain, nausea and anxiety are often inadequately treated. CAM treatments included Acupuncture, Reflexology, or Guided Imagery. CAM treatments provide additional relief to Standard Of Care (SOC) for perioperative symptoms. Larger randomized control trial studies with longer follow-ups are needed to confirm these benefits.

PAIN, STRESS, CHEMOTHERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The effect of foot reflexology massage on the stress and neuropathic pain caused by chemotherapy in women with breast cancer and genitalia. By Khazaei T, Rezaei Mohabbati H, Sebzari A R, Hosseini M. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. April 2019; 26 (1) :4-12.
Foot reflexology massage as an effective intervention in safe and effective nursing can reduce the pain and stress of cancer patients. Due to its simplicity and low cost, it can be used as a complement to other nurses' usual treatments and care.

PAIN, FATIGUE, QUALITY OF LIFE, CHEMOTHERAPY, GYNECOLOGIC CANCER PATIENTS

Effects of Reflexology and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Pain, Fatigue, and Quality of Life during Chemotherapy in Gynecologic Cancer Patients. By Hacer Alan Dikmen, Fusun Terzioglu. Pain Manag Nurs. 2019 Feb; 20(1):47-53. PMID: 29776873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.03.001

Reflexology and progressive muscle relaxation exercises given to gynecologic cancer patients during chemotherapy were found to decrease pain and fatigue and increase quality of life.

BLADDER CANCER, PAIN, CYSTECTOMY PATIENTS

Massage and reflexology for post-operative cancer cystectomy patients: Evaluation of a pilot service. By Natalie Silverdale, Mark Wherry, Alison Roodhouse. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019 Feb; 34:109-112. PMID: 30712712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.11.010

The findings of this pilot evaluation very tentatively support the benefits of cancer cystectomy patients receiving massage and/or reflexology in their acute postoperative recovery period. There are many limitations to this evaluation. Further research utilising a randomised control methodology alongside medical, independent markers is warranted, and currently in development.

2018

FOOT MASSAGE, PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, VITAL SIGNS, CHOLECYSTECTOMY (GALL BLADDER REMOVAL).

Effect of Classic Foot Massage on Vital Signs, Pain, and Nausea/Vomiting Symptoms After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. By Askeri Çankaya, Serdar Saritaş. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2018 Dec; 28(6):359-365. PMID: 30312194 DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000586.

Classic foot massage may serve as an affordable and useful way to help improve pain, nausea, and blood circulation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

PAIN, FOOT MASSAGE, TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURE SURGERY.

The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain Intensity and Anxiety in Patients Having Undergone a Tibial Shaft Fracture Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. By Nilofar Pasyar, Masoume Rambod, Fateme Rezaee Kahkhaee. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Dec; 32(12):e482-e486. PMID: 30444801 DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001320.

The results indicated that massage therapy reduced pain intensity and anxiety in patients who underwent tibial shaft fracture surgery. Therefore, using massage as a noninvasive and acceptable intervention is suggested in orthopaedic surgery, especially after tibial shaft fracture surgeries.

PERIPHERAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN,

The Efficacy of Foot Reflexology on the Reduction of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathic Pain. By Mona Mohamed Ibrahim & Shimaa Mohamed Abdou Rizk. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 7, Issue 5 Ver. IX. (Sep.-Oct .2018), PP 44-55 DOI: 10.9790/1959-0705094455

This study strengthened that reflexology therapy in combination with pharmacological therapy is recommended in reducing the diabetic patients’ peripheral neuropathic pain. Recommendations: Application of routine foot reflexology to all diabetic patients to decrease the sensation of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathic pain.

PAIN, SLEEP, ANXIETY, MILITARY PATIENTS

The Benefits of Reflexology for the Chronic Pain Patient in a Military Pain Clinic. By Connie Kern, Amy McCoart, Thomas Beltran, Michael Martoszek. Pub. by J. Spec. Oper. Med. 2018 Winter;18(4):103-105. PMID: 30566732 DOI: 10.55460/HE83-7LY7

There is evidence that reflexology is therapeutic for many conditions, to include sleep and anxiety, both of which can be comorbidity in the patient with chronic pain. There is a lack of evidence on the use of reflexology with chronic pain patients receiving multidisciplinary pain care. Currently research is limited on effects of reflexology in treating chronic pain, yet, like acupuncture, this is an inexpensive, reliable, teachable, and simple noninvasive treatment. Further studies are warranted.

BREAST CANCER, PAIN, MOBILITY, LYMPHOEDEMA, WOMEN

Experiences of breast cancer related lymphoedema and the use of reflexology for managing swelling: A qualitative study. By Judith Whatley, Rachael Street, Sally Kay. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 Aug; 32:123-129. PMID: 30057039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.006

The main conclusion from this qualitative evaluation was that participants perceived benefit on physical and psychological levels. Participation in the study appeared to help re-engagement with normal life. Further research is needed to quantify the changes in these parameters.

LABOR PAIN, PREGNANCY, AURICULAR THERAPY, WOMEN

The effect of auriculotherapy on the severity and duration of labor pain. By Mahboubeh Valiani, Masoumeh Azimi, Zahra Mohebbi Dehnavi, Soheila Mohammadi, Masoume Pirhadi. J Educ Health Promot. 2018 Aug 2; 7:101. PMID: 30159347 PMCID: PMC6089040 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_141_17.

Auriculotherapy reduces the severity of labor pain in primiparous women. Due to the easy, inexpensive, and noninvasive nature of this method, its use has been recommended in these cases.

PAIN, PULSE, DISCOMFORT, RESPIRATION, HAND MASSAGE, TRANSRADIAL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

The Effects of Hand Massage in Patients Who Underwent Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. [Article in Ko]. By Eun Sil Shin, Myung Hee Kim. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2018 Aug; 48(4):465-474 PMID: 30206197 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2018.48.4.465.

Significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in the pain score, discomfort score, pulse, and respiration rate. Hand massage can be a helpful nursing intervention for transradial percutaneous coronary intervention by reducing pain and discomfort to a considerable degree.

POSTOPERATIVE PAIN,

Analgesic Effects of Reflexology in Patients Undergoing Surgical Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Samuel Attias, Keren Sivan , Ofri Avneri, Avigail Sagee, Eran Ben-Arye, Ofra Grinberg, Gideon Sroka, Ibrahim Matter, Elad Schiff. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Aug; 24(8):809-815. PMID: 29883188 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0167

Adding reflexology to standard analgesic care is effective in reducing postoperative pain at rest and in motion, especially for patients experiencing moderate to severe pain.

PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA (ABDOMENAL PAIN DURING MENSTRUATION), ADOLESCENT GIRLS

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Hot Application Versus foot Reflexology on Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls. By Ms Muralidharan Meghashri. Pub. by International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. Year : 2018, Volume : 6, Issue : 1. pages 19- 26. Print ISSN : 2347-8640. Online ISSN : 2454-2660. Article DOI : 10.5958/2454-2660.2018.00005.4

The findings of present study is that when compared, foot reflexology on dysmenorrhea showed higher clinical significance than that of hot application.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, PAIN, SLEEP

T he effects of reflexology on pain and sleep deprivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. By Ercan Bakir, Sevgin Samancioglu Baglama, Savas Gursoy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May; 31:315-319. PMID: 29705475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.02.017.

Foot reflexology is a non-pharmacological nursing intervention that may reduce the pain and sleep deprivation symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

ANXIETY, PAIN, HYSTERECTOMY, WOMEN

The effects of reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients after abdominal hysterectomy: A randomised controlled trial. By Ruşen Öztürk, Ümran Sevil, Asuman Sargin, M. Sait Yücebilgin. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Volume 36, February 2018, Pages 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.12.005

Foot reflexology may serve as an effective nursing intervention to increase the well-being and decrease the pain of female patients after abdominal hysterectomy, and nurses should be aware of the benefits of reflexology.

CHRONIC HAND PAIN, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

The Effects of Hand Reflexology on Chronic Hand Pain - A Case Study. By Annalisa Derryberry, LMT Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan. 2018. www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com

Nine days after the last session was completed, the subject reported still having some aches and pains in her hands and wrists, but overall, she feels her energy levels are very good and her hands feel stronger after having received reflexology sessions. She reports not having any of the nettle tea (which she used to have at least daily) since the beginning of the study sessions nine weeks ago. Two weeks later, she gave a final update, saying her hands had been “amazingly fine through this cold weather...my writing has changed due to how I hold pens and pencils, and I have more control when I draw too.”

PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP, QUALITY OF LIFE, BREAST CANCER

The Effect of Reflexology on the Pain-Insomnia-Fatigue Disturbance Cluster of Breast Cancer Patients During Adjuvant Radiation Therapy. By Ricardo Tarrasch, Narin N Carmel-Neiderman, Sarah Ben-Ami, Bella Kaufman, Raphi Pfeffer, Merav Ben-David, Dorit Gamus. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Jan; 24(1):62-68. PMID: 28440664 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0023

The results of the present study indicate that reflexology may have a positive effect on fatigue, quality of sleep, pain, and quality of life in breast cancer patients during radiation therapy. Reflexology prevented the decline in quality of life and significantly ameliorated the fatigue and quality of sleep of these patients. An encouraging trend was also noted in amelioration of pain levels.

2017

LOW BACK PAIN, PELVIC GIRDLE PAIN, LABOUR, PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN

A pilot randomised controlled trial exploring the effects of antenatal reflexology on labour outcomes. By Julie E M McCullough, Ciara Close, S Dianne Liddle, Marlene Sinclair, Ciara M Hughes. Midwifery. 2017 Dec; 55:137-144. PMID: 29024881 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.006

In this trial, antenatal reflexology reduced labour duration for primiparous women who had experienced low back and/ or pelvic girdle pain during their pregnancy, compared with usual care and footbaths.

LOWER BACK PAIN, POSTURAL BALANCE, SENIORS

Foot Reflexotherapy Induces Analgesia in Elderly Individuals with Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Pilot Study. By Bruna Hoffmann de Oliveira , Anna Quialheiro de Abreu da Silva, Daniela Dero Ludtke, Fernanda Madeira, Graciela Mendonça da Silva Medeiros, Rodolfo Borges Parreira , Afonso Shiguemi Inoue Salgado, Luiz Augusto Oliveira Belmonte, Francisco José Cidral-Filho, Daniel F Martins. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017; 2017:2378973. PMID: 29317892 PMCID: PMC5727654 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2378973

This study demonstrated that foot reflexotherapy induced analgesia but did not affect postural balance in elderly individuals with low back pain.

PAIN, FATIGUE, URINARY, QUALITY OF LIFE, COLORECTAL CANCER

Effects of foot massage applied in two different methods on symptom control in colorectal cancer patients: Randomised control trial. By Neşe Uysal, Sevinç Kutlutürkan, Işıl Uğur. Int J Nurs Pract. 2017 Jun; 23(3). PMID: 28176423 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12532

The classical massage was effective in reducing pain level and distension incidence while foot reflexology was effective in reducing pain and fatigue level, lowering incidence of distension and urinary frequency and improving life quality.

PAIN, MIGRAINE, WOMEN

Effects of feet reflexology versus segmental massage in reducing pain and its intensity, frequency and duration of the attacks in females with migraine: a pilot study. By Kobza Wojciech, Lizis Pawel, Romualda, Zięba Halina. J Tradit Chin Med. 2017 Apr; 37(2):214-9. PMID: 29960294 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30047-x .

All variables decreased within the reflexology group and the segmental massage group 3 months after the treatment in compare with the baseline values, and the differences were statistically significant. The differences between groups were also statistically significant. Conclusion: Feet reflexology and segmental massage provide a safe alternative for the pharmacological treatment of migraine. The patients with migraine obtain significant health benefits with feet reflexology.

FATIGUE, SLEEP, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, RADIATION THERAPY, BREAST CANCER, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on the Pain-Insomnia-Fatigue Disturbance Cluster of Breast Cancer Patients During Adjuvant Radiation Therapy. By Ricardo Tarrasch, Narin Nard Carmel Neiderman, Sarah Ben-Ami, Bella Kaufman. April 2017 Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 24(1). DOI:10.1089/acm.2017.0023.

PAIN, MIGRAINE,

Analysis of the efficacy of reflexology in the complex treatment of chronic migraine. [Article in Russian]. By M I Safonov, M V Naprienko. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2017; 117(5):22-25. PMID: 28638026 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171175122-25.

Reflexotherapy is a method of choice in the complex treatment of patients with chronic migraine. Taking into account complex diagnosis, the individually oriented approach in prescribing of different reflexology techniques for successful treatment and subsequent rehabilitation of patients with chronic migraine is required.

CHRONIC BACK PAIN

The Effects of Reflexology on Chronic Back Pain - A Case Study. By Rebecca Tate, LMT, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Feb. 2017. www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com.

Reflexology was shown to be an effective tool in relief from chronic back pain in this study, By supporting the body and promoting relaxation, an individual’s state of well being was shown to improve. It cannot be concluded from this study alone the effectiveness of reflexology on the general population. What can be taken from this study is that reflexology helped this subject with her pain management. This case and others like it warrant a need to continue the study of reflexology and its effectiveness on chronic back pain and the symptoms attributed to this dysfunction.

PAIN, ANXIETY, SLEEP

Reflexology’s Effect on Fibromyalgia - A Case Study. By Mary Antonia Creamer, BA, LMT Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Feb. 2017. https://academyofancientreflexology.com/

Subject reported feeling better for only one day following the first session. Starting the second week, she got such a burst of energy after the treatment that she got a lot of work done the day of the treatment, and this continued for the duration. The most noticeable improvement was in the subjective areas of mood. Her anxiety disappeared, and areas of discomfort she daily indicated on a figure shrank and grew fewer. Sleep improved slightly, although sleeping through the night did not. “Waking up refreshed” stayed the same throughout the study.

PAIN, FATIGUE, INCIDENCE OF DISTENSION, QUALITY OF LIFE, COLORECTAL CANCER

Effects of foot massage applied in two different methods on symptom control in colorectal cancer patients: Randomised control trial. By Uysal, N, Kutlutürkan, S, Uğur, I. Pub. by Int J Nurs Pract. 2017; 23:e12532. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12532

CHRONIC BACK PAIN

Reflexology and Chronic Low Back Pain - A Case Study. By Eleanor Miles, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist, Florida Licensed Massage Therapist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology Feb. 2017. www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com.

This subject experienced a mild improvement in symptoms of low back pain during this case study. One case study is not enough to generalize as to the results reflexology would have on the population of low back pain sufferers. This study does support the continued exploration of the use of reflexology for this condition.

2016

PAIN, FIBROMYALGIA

E ffects of Reflexology on Pain in Patients With Fibromyalgia. By Esra Akin Korhan, Meltem Uyar, Can Eyigör, Gülendam Hakverdioğlu Yönt, Leyla Khorshid. Holist Nurs Pract. Nov/Dec 2016; 30(6):351-359. PMID: 27763930 DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000178

The results of this study implied that the inclusion of reflexology in the routine care of patients with fibromyalgia could provide nurses with an effective practice for reducing pain intensity in these patients.

CHRONIC BACK PAIN,

The effect of reflexology on pain perception aspects in nurses with chronic low back pain in Isfahan. By Maryam Eghbali Babadi, Fatemeh Nazari, Reza Safari, and Samere Abdoli. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016 Sep-Oct; 21(5): 487–492. DOI: 10.4103/1735-9066.193395 PMCID: PMC5114793 PMID: 27904632

Reflexology, which can be done by nurses, has the ability to reduce the intensity score and cognitive aspects of pain. Therefore, it is proposed to be included in patients’ surveillance.

LABOUR PAIN, PREGNANCY, AURICULAR THERAPY, WOMEN

Effects of auriculotherapy on labour pain: a randomized clinical trial. [Article in English, Portuguese]. By Reginaldo Roque Mafetoni, Antonieta Keiko Kakuda Shimo. Rev Esc Enferm USP. Sep-Oct 2016; 50(5):726-732. PMID: 27982389 DOI: 10.1590/S0080-623420160000600003.

Mothers who received auriculotherapy presented a tendency for greater pain control and shorter labour duration; however, caesarean section rates in this group were similar to the control group. This trial precedes a larger study in progress.

PAIN, ANXIETY, CAESAREAN DELIVERY, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Postoperative Foot Massage for Patients after Caesarean Delivery. By M Xue, L Fan, L N Ge, Y Zhang, J L Ge, J Gu, Y Wang, Y Chen. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2016 Aug; 220(4):173-8. PMID: 27509141 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-104802.

Post-operative massage intervention can reduce anxiety and pain in patients after caesarean delivery.

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGIC PARAMETERS, MASTECTOMY, CANCER, WOMEN

Effect of Foot Reflexology as an Add-on Intervention on Pain Among Women Having Undergone Mastectomy. By Nivya Lukose, Sheela Pavithran, K Anu. Nurs J India. 2016 Jul; 107(4):159-162. PMID: 30695377.

The findings revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the pain scores. A statistically significant reduction in physiologic parameters was also observed.

LOW BACK PAIN, PELVIC PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effectiveness of reflexology for managing pregnancy low back and/or pelvic pain. By Ciara Close, Marlene Sinclair, Julie Mc Cullough, Dianne Liddle, Ciara Hughes. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May; 23:117-24. PMID: 26021213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.002

Results indicate it is feasible to conduct an RCT in this area, although a footbath is an unsuitable sham treatment. Reflexology may help manage pregnancy low back and/or pelvic pain; however, a fully powered trial is needed to confirm this.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, PAIN, FATIGUE

The Effects of Aromatherapy Massage and Reflexology on Pain and Fatigue in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Zehra Gok Metin, Leyla Ozdemir. Pain Manag Nurs. 2016 Apr; 17(2):140-9. PMID: 27091583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.01.004.

Pain and fatigue scores significantly decreased in the aromatherapy massage and reflexology groups compared with the control group (p < .05). The reflexology intervention started to decrease mean pain and fatigue scores earlier than aromatherapy massage (week 1 vs week 2 for pain, week 1 vs week 4 for fatigue) (p < .05). Aromatherapy massage and reflexology are simple and effective nonpharmacologic nursing interventions that can be used to help manage pain and fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

PAIN, RELAXATION, WOMEN, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A comparison of the effects of reflexology and relaxation on pain in women with multiple sclerosis. By Fatemeh Nazari, Mozhgan Soheili, SayedMohsen Hosseini, Vahid Shaygannejad. J Complement Integr Med. 2016 Mar; 13(1):65-71. PMID: 26581073 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0046

The results showed that both interventions are effective on relieving pain in women with MS; however, it appears that the effect of reflexology on pain reduction is greater than that of relaxation. Hence, these two methods can be recommended as effective techniques.

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, SLEEP, PAIN,

Reflexology, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Sleep - A Case Study. By Leigh Baker, DNP, ARNP, LMT Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan. 2016.

There was a positive change (decrease in scores) in morning mood after the reflexology sessions began and this trend continued through the study. There was also a decrease in complaints of back pain once the reflexology sessions began. During the baseline period, the participant complained of a racing heart and vaginal pain. These complaints resolved after the sessions started. Caution should be used when using this modality for sleep improvement and awareness of the time of day of sessions are given is a reasonable consideration for the reflexology therapist.

PARKINSON’S DISEASE, BACK PAIN, SLEEP

Reflexology and Parkinson’s disease - A Case Study. By Erica Blinkhorn, LMT Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by Academy of Ancient Reflexology. Jan 2016 www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com

The subject reported a decrease in her level of back pain and told me that with less activity comes less pain. Although she still cannot be on her feet for very long, she shared that her endurance was better than when we started and she can perform more of her daily actions before having to rest. She cheerfully reported that she still wakes up almost every night, because she “just don’t get sleepy.” However, the frequency of her doing so has decreased as well. She felt that she was more mobile, and she had fewer cramps in her hands and feet and almost no cramps at all since her fourth week in the study.

PAIN, DYSMENORRHEA, WOMEN

Comparison of Reflexology and Connective Tissue Manipulation in Participants with Primary Dysmenorrhea. By Funda Demirtürk, Zümrüt Yilar Erkek, Özgür Alparslan, Fazlı Demirtürk, Osman Demir, and Ahmet Inanir. Pub. by The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.Volume: 22 Issue 1: January 15, 2016 p. 38-44.http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0050

Menstruation-related symptoms were found to be decreased after treatment and in the following cycle with both treatments (p < 0.05) where no difference existed between the groups (p > 0.05). Both Foot Reflexology and Connective Tissue Manipulation can be used in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and menstruation-related symptoms as these methods are free from the potentially adverse effects of analgesics, noninvasive, and easy to perform.

PAIN, SLEEP, POST CAESAREAN MOTHERS

Effect of Foot Reflexology on Post Operative Pain and Sleep among Post Caesarean Mothers. By Deepshikha, Vibha. Pub. by International Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2016, Volume : 4, Issue : 4. 441 - 444. Print ISSN : 2347-8640. Online ISSN : 2454-2660. Article DOI : 10.5958/2454-2660.2016.00081.8

The findings of the study support the need of implementing foot reflexology to reduce post operative pain and improve sleep among post caesarean mothers. Foot reflexology is a non pharmacological, cost effective and simple intervention without any adverse effects. The results proved that the foot reflexology was effective in reducing the level of post operative pain and improving sleep.

2015

PAIN, APPENDECTOMY SURGERY

Evaluation of the Effect of Reflexology on Pain Control and Analgesic Consumption After Appendectomy. By Ali Khorsand, Moosa Al-Reza Tadayonfar, Shapour Badiee, Monavar Afzal Aghaee, Hoda Azizi, Sara Baghani. J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Dec; 21(12):774-80. PMID: 26401598 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0270.

Reflexology is effective for reducing pain after appendectomy surgery.

ANXIETY, PAIN, VARICOSE VEINS

The impact of hand reflexology on pain, anxiety and satisfaction during minimally invasive surgery under local anaesthetic: a randomised controlled trial. By Briony F Hudson, Jade Davidson, Mark S Whiteley. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015 Dec; 52(12):1789-97. PMID: 26294281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.07.009

Intra-operative hand reflexology is a useful adjunct to local anaesthetic varicose vein surgery, with participants in the reflexology group reporting significantly lower intra-operative anxiety and shorter pain duration than participants receiving treatment as usual.

PAIN, VACCINATION, INFANTS

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Acute Pain in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. By Tuba Koç, Duygu Gözen. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015 Oct; 12(5):289-96. PMID: 26220257 DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12099.

Reflexology before vaccine reduced the pain level experienced after vaccination. Future research needs to explore different interventional practices.

CHRONIC LOWER BACK PAIN, AURICULAR POINT ACUPRESSURE

Day-to-Day Changes of Auricular Point Acupressure to Manage Chronic Low Back Pain: A 29-day Randomized Controlled Study. By Chao Hsing Yeh, Lorna Kwai-Ping Suen, Lung-Chang Chien, Leah Margolis, Zhan Liang, Ronald M Glick, Natalia E Morone. Pain Med. 2015 Oct; 16(10):1857-69. PMID: 25988270 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12789.

This study shows that Auricular Point Acupressure is a promising pain management strategy that is not invasive and can be self-managed by participants for chronic lower back pain. Given the day-to-day fluctuation in ratings, the tighter ecologic assessment of pain scores and other treatment parameters are an important pragmatic aspect of the design of chronic pain studies.

ANXIETY, PAIN, LABOR, PRIMIGRAVIDA WOMEN

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety, Pain, and Outcomes of the Labor in Primigravida Women. By Soheila Moghimi-Hanjani, Zahra Mehdizadeh-Tourzani, Mahnaz Shoghi. Pub. by Acta Med Iran 2015 Aug: 53(8):507-11. PMID: 26545996.

Results of this study show that reflexology reduces labor pain intensity, duration of labor, anxiety, frequency distribution of natural delivery and increases Apgar scores. Using this non-invasive technique, obstetricians can achieve, to some extent, to one of the most important goals of midwifery as pain relief and reducing anxiety during labor and encourage the mothers to have a vaginal delivery.

ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, PAIN, EAR ACUPRESSURE, DEMENTIA, SENIORS

The effects of ear acupressure, massage therapy and no therapy on symptoms of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. By Juan Rodríguez-Mansilla, María Victoria González López-Arza, Enrique Varela-Donoso, Jesús Montanero-Fernández, Blanca González Sánchez, Elisa María Garrido-Ardila. Clin Rehabil. 2015 Jul; 29(7):683-93. PMID: 25322869 DOI: 10.1177/0269215514554240.

Ear acupressure and massage therapy showed better results than the control group in relation to pain, anxiety and depression. However, ear acupressure achieved more improvements.

LOW BACK PAIN, PELVIC PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

A pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effectiveness of reflexology for managing pregnancy low back and/or pelvic pain. By Close C, Sinclair M, Cullough JM, Liddle D, Hughes C. Pub. by Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May;23:117-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.002. Epub 2015 May 12. PMID: 26021213.

The reflexology group demonstrated a Clinically Important Change (CIC) in pain frequency (1.64 cm). Results indicate it is feasible to conduct an RCT in this area, although a footbath is an unsuitable sham treatment. Reflexology may help manage pregnancy-LBPP; however a fully powered trial is needed to confirm this.

HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS, PAIN, QUALITY OF LIFE, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE

A randomized controlled trial of auricular acupressure in heart rate variability and quality of life for hypertension. By Mei-Ling Yeh, Yu-Chun Chang, Yi-Ying Huang, Tso-Ying Lee. Pub. by Complement Ther Med. 2015 Apr;23(2):200-9. PMID: 25847557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.005

Auricular Acupressure can be applied at the acupoints of shenmen, sympathesis, kidney, liver, heart, and subcortex to improve physical pain and mental health of QoL for hypertensive patients.

PAIN, ACTIVITY OF DAILY LIVING, OSTEOARTHRITIS

A study to assess the effectiveness of reflexology on pain and activity of daily living of osteoarthritis patients attending out patient department of Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, at Chennai. By Gayathridevi, J (2015). Masters thesis, Padmasree College of Nursing, Walajabad.

The results showed that the effectiveness of Reflexology on pain level reduced to mild (83.3%) & moderate (6.7%). Activity of daily living is improved in High level activity (96.7%) and middle level activity (3.3%). It shows that significant at P<0.001 in the experimental group. This shows the net benefit of this study. CONCLUSION: Reflexology was effective complementary therapy for Osteoarthritis patients to decrease pain and improve the activity of daily living.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, HAND/FOOT PAIN, NUMBNESS,

Reflexology for Peripheral Neuropathy - A Case Study. By Nicole Banner, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology - www.AcademyofAncientReflexology.com

Foot reflexology was effective in helping to improve the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy (especially the tingling, numbness, and stabbing pains) for this subject. Therefore, it is my opinion that reflexology can be used as a complementary modality to promote foot care for people living with peripheral neuropathy.

PAIN, SLEEP, VITAL SIGNS, FATIGUE, LIVER DISEASE/TRANSPLANT

Reflexology after End-Stage Liver Disease and Liver Transplant - A Case Study. By Cristina Posse, PHD, OTR/L Florida-licensed occupational therapist OT13544 Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. https://academyofancientreflexology.com/

The nature of this case study renders results that are only descriptive and subjective and no causality or correlation can be assumed. However, upon final interview, subject reported he felt very relaxed when getting home after sessions; he also said “it kind of helped my thinking” when referring to increased sharpness for playing chess in two opportunities – one with brother and one online match. Vital signs records and pain levels before and after sessions were mostly decreased. Sleep quality did not have noticeable changes, nor did fatigue or mood changes, but more studies are needed to determine statistical significance of the effects of reflexology on these variables for differ populations.

2014

PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE CARDIAC SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. By Géraldine Martorella, Mădălina Boitor, Cécile Michaud, Céline Gélinas. Heart Lung. Sep-Oct 2014; 43(5):437-44. PMID: 25064487 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.06.047.

Increasing staff acceptance, reducing the rest period, involving families, and repeating the treatment are avenues to consider. Building evidence for non-pharmacological pain management in the critical care setting is necessary.

PAIN, OPEN HEART SURGERY

The effect of foot reflexology massage on the level of removal after open heart surgery. By Babajani S, Babatabar Darzi H, Ebadi A, Mahmoudi H, Nasiri A. Iran J Crit Care Nurs. 2014;7(1):15-22.

Foot reflexology massage is a useful nursing intervention in chest tube removal after open heart surgery. This intervention improves care level of the patients in the important recovery phase after open heart surgery with the least cost and without any complications.

POST OPERATIVE PAIN, CARDIAC SURGERY, HAND MASSAGE

Evaluation of the preliminary effectiveness of hand massage therapy on postoperative pain of adults in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. By Mădălina Boitor, Géraldine Martorella, Caroline Arbour, Cécile Michaud , Céline Gélinas. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Jun; 16(3):354-66. PMID: 26025795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.08.014

This study supports potential benefits of hand massage for intensive care unit postoperative pain management. Although larger randomized controlled trials are necessary, this low-cost nonpharmacologic intervention can be safely administered.

PAIN, FOOT MASSAGE, BREAST SURGERY, WOMEN

Foot massage: effectiveness on postoperative pain in breast surgery patients. By Meral Ucuzal, Nevin Kanan. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Jun; 15(2):458-65. PMID: 24882025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.03.001

The data obtained showed that foot massage in breast surgery patients was effective in postoperative pain management.

FOOT & HAND MASSAGE, PAIN, CESAREAN SECTION, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effect of foot and hand massage in post-cesarean section pain control: a randomized control trial. By Zahra Abbaspoor, Malihe Akbari, Shanaz Najar. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014 Mar; 15(1):132-6. PMID: 23352729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.07.008.

According to these findings, the foot and hand massage can be considered as a complementary method to reduce the pain of cesarean section effectively and to decrease the amount of medications and their side effects.

LABOR PAIN, ACUPUNCTURE, WOMEN

Comparison between Effect Acupuncture on SP6 Point and Reflexology on the Severity of First-Stage Labor Pain. By Soheila Hajighasemali, Sedigheh Amir Ali Akbari, Alireza Akbarzadeh, Reza Heshmat. Pub. by jmj 2014, 12(4): 17-22.

This study showed that foot reflexology and acupressure at the SP6 pain are effective in reducing labor pain. Application of no pharmacologic pain reduction technique instead of the pharmacological methods to relieve labor pain recommends.

PAIN, POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER,

Reflexology for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - A Case Study. By Darlene Torroll, Florida-licensed Massage Therapist MA43516, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. www.academyofancientreflexology.com

Reflexology did help the subject with symptoms (pain in left groin and leg) from PTSD, although one case study is not enough research to claim that all people suffering from PTSD would benefit from reflexology.

2013

PAIN, CRAMPS, FATIGUE, HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

The effect of reflexology applied on haemodialysis patients with fatigue, pain and cramps. By Gülistan Ozdemir, Nimet Ovayolu, Ozlem Ovayolu. Int J Nurs Pract. 2013 Jun; 19(3):265-73. PMID: 23730858 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12066

It was determined that reflexology reduced the fatigue subscale scores and total scale scores as well as pain and cramp mean scores in the intervention group. The research results revealed that the severity of fatigue, pain and cramp decreased in patients receiving reflexology.

PAIN

Exploratory study on the efficacy of reflexology for pain threshold and tolerance using an ice-pain experiment and sham TENS control. By Carol A.Samuel, Ivor S.Ebenezer. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Volume 19, Issue 2, May 2013, Pages 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.02.005

Compared to control data, reflexology increased acute pain threshold (F(1,14) = 4.5958, p < 0.05) and tolerance (F(1,14) = 5.1095, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that reflexology produces antinociceptive (blocking pain) effects in a controlled experiment and suggest the possibility that reflexology may be useful on its own or as an adjunct to medication in the treatment of pain conditions in man.

2012

CHRONIC BACK PAIN

The effects of reflexology on chronic low back pain intensity in nurses employed in hospitals affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. By Maryam Eghbali, Reza Safari, Fatemeh Nazari, and Samereh Abdoli. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2012 Mar-Apr; 17(3): 239–243. PMCID: PMC3696219 PMID: 23833620

Reflexology can be effective in reducing the severity of chronic back pain, i.e. it is able to reduce pain from moderate to mild. Thus, this technique is recommended to be performed by nurses as a complementary therapy in patient care.

PAIN, STRESS, CANCER, NURSING HOME SENIORS

Reflexology versus Swedish Massage to Reduce Physiologic Stress and Pain and Improve Mood in Nursing Home Residents with Cancer: A Pilot Trial. By Nancy A Hodgson, Doreen Lafferty. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 456897. PMID: 22888364 PMCID: PMC3409545 DOI: 10.1155/2012/456897.

Both Reflexology and Swedish Massage resulted in significant declines in salivary cortisol and pain and improvements in mood. Conclusions. Preliminary data suggest that studies of Swedish Massage Therapy and Reflexology are feasible in this population of cancer survivors typically excluded from trials. Both interventions were well tolerated and produced measurable improvements in outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of these CAM modalities in this patient population.

LABOR PAIN, WOMEN

The Effect of Reflexology on Relieving the Labor Pain. By Jenabi, Ensiyeh and Hajiloo Mohajeran, Mina and Torkamani, Mojgan (2012). Pub. by The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 14 (8). pp. 34-38.

Massage of uterus pain place is effective in relief of labor pain but it doesn’t affect in decrease of labor duration.

PAIN, PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, CESEREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effects of foot reflexology on pain and physiological parameters after cesarean section. By Mehrnoosh Khoshtarash, Atefeh Ghanbari, Mohammad Reza Yegane, Ehsan Kazemnejhad, Parvine Rezasoltani. Pub. by MAJALLAH-I ̒ILMĪ-I DĀNISHGĀH-I ̒ULŪM-I PIZISHKĪ-I SIMNĀN (SEP 2012)Vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 109 – 116.

In general, foot reflexology appears to be a useful method to reduce postoperative pain, but no effect on physiological parameters.

PAIN, ANXIETY, CESAREAN SECTION, WOMEN

Effect Of Foot Reflexology On Pain And Anxiety In Women Following Elective Cesarean Section. By Razmjoo Nastaran, Hafizi Lotfabadi Leili, Yousefi Fatemeh*, Esmaeeli Habibolah, Azizi Hoda, Lotfalizadeh Marzieh. Pub. by IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY AND INFERTILITY APRIL 2012 , Volume 15 , Number 1; Page(s) 9 To 17.

There was no statistically significant difference in pain intensity before intervention between two groups by using t-test (p=0.814), but after intervention, the difference was significant by Man-Whitney test (p=0.004). There was not statistically significant difference between two groups regarding postoperative anxiety score (p=0.215).Conclusion: Foot reflexology proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling post cesarean pain.

PAIN, EDEMA, ANXIETY, HAND REFLEXOLOGY

The Effects of Hand Reflexology and Hydrotherapy on De Quervain's Tenosynovitis - A Case Study. By Terri Bishop-Brahen, RN, LMT, certified reflexologist, certified lymphatic drainage therapist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology. www.academyofancientreflexology.com

This particular subject responded well to hand reflexology. Reflexology is a complementary bodywork method producing an improvement in the inflammatory symptoms of de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. Reflexology supported the subject while decreasing and discontinuing prescription medications used for the inflammation and anxiety. Improvement in the physical, emotional and mental status of the subject while reestablishing her career gives credence to the effectiveness of reflexology. A future study may be considered for larger numbers of subjects experiencing progressive symptoms of inflammation.

CHRONIC LOWER BACK PAIN,

Reflexology and Chronic Low Back Pain - A Case Study. By Eleanor Miles, Certified Hand & Foot Reflexologist, Florida Licensed Massage Therapist. Pub. by the Academy of Ancient Reflexology.

This Subject experienced a mild improvement in symptoms of low back pain during this case study. One case study is not enough to generalize as to the results reflexology would have on the population of low back pain sufferers. This study does support the continued exploration of the use of reflexology for this condition.

2011

FATIGUE, SLEEP, PAIN

Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. By Jeongsoon Lee, Misook Han, Younghae Chung, Jinsun Kim, Jungsook Choi. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Dec;41(6):821-33. PMID: 22310867 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.821

This meta-analysis indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Foot reflexology had a larger effect on fatigue and sleep and a smaller effect on pain. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain.

PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN, LABOUR

The Effect of Reflexology on Pain Intensity and Duration of Labor on Primiparas. By M Dolatian1, A Hasanpour, Sh Montazeri, R Heshmat, and H Alavi Majd. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011 Jul; 13(7): 475–479. PMCID: PMC3371987 PMID: 22737514

Pain intensity at all the three stages of cervical dilatation was significantly lower in the reflexology group. During the 4-5 cm dilatation stage, women in the supported group reported less severe pain compared to those receiving routine care, but no significant differences at the later stages of labor. This indicates that reflexology could decrease the duration of first, second and third stages of labor. Conclusion: Our findings showed that reflexology can be useful to decrease the pain intensity as well as duration of labor.

2010

BREAST CANCER, PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, WOMEN

Reflexology for the symptomatic treatment of breast cancer: a systematic review. By Jong-In Kim, Myeong Soo Lee, Jung Won Kang, Do Young Choi, Edzard Ernst. Integr Cancer Ther. 2010 Dec; 9(4):326-30. PMID: 21106613 DOI: 10.1177/1534735410387423

Three CCTs tested reflexology compared with no treatment or simple rest. All of them suggested favorable effects of reflexology on pain, nausea, and vomiting. However, they had a high risk of bias. Collectively, the existing evidence does not convincingly show that reflexology is effective for breast cancer care. Future studies seem warranted; they should be of high methodological quality, and include adequate control interventions.

PAIN, AURICULOTHERAPY

Auriculotherapy for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. By Gary N Asher, Daniel E Jonas, Remy R Coeytaux, Aimee C Reilly, Yen L Loh, Alison A Motsinger-Reif, Stacey J Winham. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Oct; 16(10):1097-108. PMID: 20954963 PMCID: PMC3110838 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0451

Auriculotherapy may be effective for the treatment of a variety of types of pain, especially postoperative pain. However, a more accurate estimate of the effect will require further large, well-designed trials.

PAIN, FOOT & HAND MASSAGE, POST CESAREAN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

Effectiveness of foot and hand massage in post cesarean pain control in a group of Turkish pregnant women. By Nuriye Degirmen, Nebahat Ozerdogan, Deniz Sayiner, Nedime Kosgeroglu, Unal Ayranci. Appl Nurs Res. 2010 Aug; 23(3):153-8. PMID: 20643325 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2008.08.001

Foot and hand massage proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling postoperative pain.

LOW BACK PAIN, DISCOPATHY (DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASE), MEN

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on the Reduction of Low Back Pain Caused by Discopathy. By Movaghar M H, Fathi M, Zandi M. Pub. by J Adv Med Biomed Res 2012; 20 (83) :62-69 http://zums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-2000-en.html

Foot reflexology appears to be an effective technique for reducing the lower back pain caused by discopathy.

PAIN, FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME

Effects of reflexology on fibromyalgia symptoms: A multiple case study. By Thora Jenny Gunnarsdottir, Cynthia Peden-McAlpine. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Volume 16, Issue 3, August 2010, Pages 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.01.006

Reflexology affected the symptom of pain in multiple areas such as head, neck and arms. Pain started to isolate and decrease. Reflexology may be helpful to decrease fibromyalgia symptoms. Qualitative research methods and individually tailored interventions are important when researching complementary and alternative therapies.

LABOUR PAIN, WOMEN

Effect Of Foot Reflexology On Duration Of Labor And Severity Of First-Stage Labor Pain. By Mirzaei F., Kaviani M., Jafari Peyman. Pub by IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY AND INFERTILITY APRIL-MAY 2010 , Volume 13 , Number 1; p. 27 - 32.

Reflexology have an indisputable effect on decreasing labor pain in the first phase, whereas, it does not affect the total duration of labor.

LABOR PAIN, WOMEN

Reviewing the effect of reflexology on the pain and certain features and outcomes of the labor on the primiparous women. By Mahboubeh Valiani 1, Elaheh Shiran, Maryam Kianpour, Marziyeh Hasanpour. Pub. by Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2010 Dec;15(Suppl 1):302-10. PMID: 22069404 PMCID: PMC3208928

Reflexology can lead to decrease in the labor pain. Therefore, regarding to the safety of this technique, it can be replaced as an alternative for pharmacological methods.

DYSMENORRHEA (MENSTRUAL PAIN), WOMEN

Comparing the effects of reflexology methods and Ibuprofen administration on dysmenorrhea in female students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. By Mahboubeh Valiani 1, Elaheh Babaei, Reza Heshmat, Zahra Zare. Pub. by Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2010 Dec;15(Suppl 1):371-8. PMID: 22069413 PMCID: PMC3208937

Considering the results of the study, reflexology was superior to Ibuprofen on reducing dysmenorrhea and its treatment effect continued even after discontinuing the intervention in the third cycle. Therefore, considering that reflexology is a non-invasive, easy and cheap technique, it seems that it can replace anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to avoid their adverse side effects.

2009

PAIN, FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, QUALITY OF LIFE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Reflexology for the treatment of pain in people with multiple sclerosis: a double-blind randomised sham-controlled clinical trial. By C M Hughes, S Smyth, A S Lowe-Strong. Mult Scler. 2009 Nov; 15(11):1329-38. PMID: 19825891 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509345916

Clinically important decrease in pain intensity was observed in both groups compared with baseline. Significant decreases were observed for fatigue, depression, disability, spasm and quality of life. In conclusion, precision reflexology was not superior to sham, however, both treatments offer clinically significant improvements for MS symptoms via a possible placebo effect or stimulation of reflex points in the feet using non-specific massage.

2008

MYOFASCIAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT PAIN

Neuro-reflexotherapy for the management of myofascial temporomandibular joint pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. By Alberto Berguer, Francisco Kovacs, Víctor Abraira, Nicole Mufraggi, Ana Royuela, Alfonso Muriel, Mario Gestoso, Farzin Falahat, Rafael Martín-Granizo, Javier Zamora. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Aug; 66(8):1664-77. PMID: 18634956 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.049

For patients in whom conservative treatment has failed, neuro-reflexotherapy improves the chronic pain associated with myofascial temporomandibular joint pain syndrome.

PAIN, PHANTOM LIMB,

Reflexology treatment for patients with lower limb amputations and phantom limb pain--an exploratory pilot study. By Christine Ann Brown, Catherine Lido. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2008 May; 14(2):124-31. PMID: 18396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2007.12.006

The project indicated that reflexology treatment, teaching and self-treatment were effective in eradicating or reducing the intensity and duration of phantom limb pain, in this group of clients. The follow-up questionnaire revealed that there was a maintained improvement in the intensity of phantom limb pain the patients experienced and that the majority still self-treated.

PAIN, ANXIETY, DIGESTIVE CANCER

Effects of reflexotherapy on acute postoperative pain and anxiety among patients with digestive cancer. By Shiow-Luan Tsay, Hsiao-Ling Chen, Su-Chiu Chen, Hung-Ru Lin, Kuan-Chia Lin. Cancer Nurs. Mar-Apr 2008; 31(2):109-15. PMID: 18490886 DOI: 10.1097/01.NCC.0000305694.74754.7b

Results demonstrated that studied patients reported moderately high levels of pain and anxiety postoperatively while patients were managed with patient-controlled analgesia. Using generalized estimation equations and controlling for confounding variables, less pain (P < .05) and anxiety (P < .05) over time were reported by the intervention group compared with the control group. In addition, patients in the intervention group received significantly less opioid analgesics than the control group (P < .05). Findings from this study provide nurses with an additional treatment to offer postoperative digestive cancer patients.

LOWER BACK PAIN
Reflexology in the management of low back pain: a pilot randomised controlled trial. By F Quinn, C M Hughes, G D Baxter. Complement Ther. Med. 2008 Feb; 16(1):3-8. PMID: 18346622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2007.05.001

Reflexology appears to offer promise as a treatment in the management of lower back pain; however, an adequately powered trial is required before any more definitive pronouncements are possible.

LOWER BACK PAIN,

Complementary therapies in the management of low back pain: a survey of reflexologists. By F Quinn, G D Baxter, C M Hughes. Complement Ther Med. 2008 Feb;1 6(1):9-14. PMID: 18346623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2007.07.004.

Respondents considered reflexology to be an effective therapy for lower back pain. Further work is warranted to investigate the potential role of such treatment in the management of this prevalent and intractable condition.

2007

CHRONIC LOWER BACK PAIN,

A randomised controlled study of reflexology for the management of chronic low back pain. By Helen Poole, Sheila Glenn, Peter Murphy. Eur J Pain. 2007 Nov; 11(8):878-87. PMID: 17459741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.01.006

There was a main effect of pain reduction, irrespective of group. Trends in the data illustrated the pain reduction was greatest in the reflexology group. Thus, the current study does not indicate that adding reflexology to usual GP care for the management of CLBP is any more effective than usual GP care alone.

PAIN, ANXIETY, CANCER

Partner-delivered reflexology: effects on cancer pain and anxiety. By Nancy L N Stephenson, Melvin Swanson, Joann Dalton, Frances J Keefe, Martha Engelke. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2007 Jan; 34(1):127-32. PMID: 17562639 DOI: 10.1188/07.ONF.127-132

Following the initial partner-delivered foot reflexology, patients experienced a significant decrease in pain intensity and anxiety. Conclusions: A nurse reflexologist taught partners how to perform reflexology on patients with metastatic cancer pain in the hospital, resulting in an immediate decrease in pain intensity and anxiety; minimal changes were seen in the control group, who received usual care plus attention.

2006

PAIN, PREGNANCY, WOMEN

A retrospective cohort study exploring the relationship between antenatal reflexology and intranatal outcomes. By Jennifer A McNeill, Fiona A Alderdice, Frances McMurray. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2006 May; 12(2):119-25. PMID: 16648089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.11.004.

In conclusion, the only statistically significant difference between groups was less use of Entonox (analgesic) in the reflexology group. Further research requires standardized treatment and outcome measurement using prospective randomized designs with large samples.

PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, SURGERY

Effects of Reflexology for Prevention of Post-Operative Nausea Vomiting. By Choudhary, S., Reflexology Across America, Spring 2006 Edition.

Foot reflexology was shown to be effective in reducing the need and quantity for painkillers in patients after general surgery.

PAIN, ANXIETY, AURICULAR ACUPRESSURE, HIP FRACTURE, SENIORS

Out-of-hospital auricular acupressure in elder patients with hip fracture: a randomized double-blinded trial. By Renate Barker, Alexander Kober, Klaus Hoerauf, Daniela Latzke, Sharam Adel, Zeev N Kain, Shu-Ming Wang. Acad Emerg Med. 2006 Jan; 13(1):19-23. PMID: 16365322 DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2005.07.014.

Patients in the true intervention groups had less pain and anxiety, and lower heart rate on arrival at the hospital than did patients in the sham control group. As a result, the patients in the true intervention group reported higher satisfaction in the care they received during the ride to the hospital. Conclusions: The authors encourage physicians, health care providers, and emergency rescuers to learn this easy, non-invasive, and inexpensive technique for its effects in decreasing anxiety and pain during emergency transportation.

2004

LOW BACK PAIN

Neuroreflexotherapy for non-specific low-back pain. By G Urrútia, A K Burton, A Morral, X Bonfill, G Zanoli. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (2):CD003009. PMID: 15106186 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003009.pub2

Neuroreflexotherapy appears to be a safe and effective intervention for the treatment of chronic non-specific lower back pain (LBP). The efficacy is less clear for sub-acute LBP. However, these results are limited to three trials conducted by a small number of specifically trained and experienced clinicians, in a limited geographical location. No data are available on the ease and time-frame needed to achieve that level of expertise. RCTs by other practitioners, in other locations, that replicate the effects reported in this review are needed before recommending a broader practice.

ANXIETY, PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, PULSE, HAND MASSAGE, SURGICAL PATIENTS

Effects of hand massage and hand holding on the anxiety in patients with local infiltration anesthesia. [Article in Ko]. By Hyun-Jung Oh, Jeong-Sook Park. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2004 Oct; 34(6):924-33. PMID: 15613828 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2004.34.6.924.

The hand massage group and hand holding group were more effective than the control group in reducing anxiety, VAS (pain) score, systolic blood pressure and pulse rate.

PAIN, FATIGUE, HIV/AIDS

Effect of foot reflexology on pain and fatigue in HIV/AIDS. By Ounprasertpong, LA; International Conference on AIDS (15th: 2004 : Bangkok, Thailand). Int Conf AIDS. 2004 Jul 11-16; 15: abstract no. ThPeD7743. Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

There were significant differences between the true foot and mimic reflexology on the fatigue and pain descriptive intensity scale, but not on a 1-item numeric pain intensity scale. The only vital sign difference was lower systolic blood pressure but the difference was not clinically meaningful. Conclusion True foot reflexology may offer a low cost, effective nursing intervention to reduce the symptom of fatigue and pain for hospitalized AIDS patients.

POST OPERATIVE PAIN, FOOT & HAND MASSAGE,
Foot and hand massage as an intervention for postoperative pain. By Hsiao-Lan Wang, Juanita F Keck. Pain Manag Nurs. 2004 Jun; 5(2):59-65. PMID: 15297952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2004.01.002

Foot and hand massage appears to be an effective, inexpensive, low-risk, flexible, and easily applied strategy for postoperative pain management.

2003

METASTATIC CANCER, PAIN,

The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Pain In Patients with Metastatic Cancer. By Stephenson, N., Dalton, J., and Carlson, J., Applied Nursing Research, November 2003, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 284-286.

Although the sample was small, there is an indication that there is an immediate positive effect of foot reflexology for patients with metastatic cancer who report pain.

PAIN

Using reflexology for pain management. A review. By Nancy L N Stephenson, Jo Ann Dalton. J Holist Nurs. 2003 Jun; 21(2):179-91. PMID: 12794960 DOI: 10.1177/0898010103021002007

Although reflexology is widely used, systematic research is needed to examine its effectiveness. To date, however, only a few studies have focused on reflexology's use in pain management. Because reflexology is a non-invasive, non-pharmacological therapy, nurses are in a position to do research on and make decisions about its clinical effectiveness.*

2002

LOW BACK PAIN, COST EFFECTIVENESS

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis of neuroreflexotherapy for subacute and chronic low back pain in routine general practice: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. By Francisco M Kovacs, Joan Llobera, Victor Abraira, Pablo Lázaro, Francisco Pozo, David Kleinbaum, KAP Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002 Jun 1; 27(11):1149-59. PMID: 12045510 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200206010-00004

Referral to neuroreflexotherapy intervention improves the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the management of nonspecific low back pain.

CANCER, STOMACH, PAIN, CHEMOTHERAPY

Reflexology As A Complementary Therapy In The Treatment Of Stomach Cancer. By Chunying, L., Chunian, G., Qinhua, S., Xiaoju, L., Guoyl, S., Pan, L., Pizheng, X., and Jiming, L., 2002 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 16-18.

Reflexotherapy has inestimable function of eliminating pain and uncomfortable sensation, relieving side effect of chemotherapy, strengthening immunity, promoting wound healing, recovering physical strength before and after surgery, and during the period of chemotherapy.

ABDOMINAL PAIN, CONSTIPATION, DIARRHEA, ABDOMINAL DISTENTION

*A single-blind trial of reflexology for irritable bowel syndrome. By Philip Tovey, Br J Gen Pract. 2002 Jan; 52(474):19-23. PMID: 11791811 PMCID: PMC1314196.

On none of the three symptoms monitored--abdominal pain, constipation/diarrhoea, and abdominal distention--was there a statistically or clinically significant difference between reflexology and control groups. Conclusion: On the basis of these results there is nothing to suggest that reflexology produces any specific benefit for patients with IBS. There is currently no evidence to support its use. However this was one (relatively) small scale study; further research that, for example, assesses the impact of therapist (professional and lay) versus therapy, is still needed.

2000

PAIN, NAUSEA, CANCER

Foot massage. A nursing intervention to modify the distressing symptoms of pain and nausea in patients hospitalized with cancer. By L Grealish, A Lomasney, B Whiteman. Cancer Nurs. 2000 Jun;23(3):237-43. PMID: 10851775 DOI: 10.1097/00002820-200006000-00012

The use of foot massage as a complementary method is recommended as a relatively simple nursing intervention for patients experiencing nausea or pain related to the cancer experience. Further research into its effectiveness in the management of these symptoms by the family at home is warranted.

LUMBAR BACK PAIN

The effectiveness of foot reflexotherapy on chronic pain associated with a herniated disk [Article in Italian] By M Degan, F Fabris, F Vanin, M Bevilacqua, V Genova, M Mazzucco, A Negrisolo. Prof Inferm. Apr-Jun 2000; 53(2):80-7. PMID: 11272089

The results found that 25 persons (62.5%) reported a reduction in pain, (rating at 0.75 on a scale of 0-4). These results however did not take into consideration the relationship between the effectiveness of foot reflexology and variables such as the persons’ physicality (Body Mass Index), or their psychological or social status.

BREAST & LUNG CANCER, PAIN, ANXIETY, WOMEN

The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Anxiety and Pain in Patients with Breast and Lung Cancer. By Stephenson Nl, Weinrich SP, Tavakoli AS., Oncology Nursing Forum, 2000, Vol. 27, No. 1, pages 67-72.

Following the foot reflexology intervention, patients with breast and lung cancer experienced a significant decrease in anxiety. One of three pain measures showed that patients with breast cancer experienced a significant decrease in pain.

1999

AIN, LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION, WOMEN,

The effect of foot massage on patients' perception of care following laparoscopic sterilization as day case patients. By J Hulme, H Waterman, V F Hillier. J Adv Nurs. 1999 Aug; 30(2):460-8. PMID: 10457249 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01101.x

Statistical analysis showed no overall significant difference in the pain experienced by the two groups; however, the mean pain scores recorded following surgery showed a significantly different pattern over time, such that the experimental group consistently reported less pain following a foot massage than the control group. This study attempted to explore the use of foot massage in a systematic way, and, is therefore a basis for further study.

PAIN, ABDOMINAL SURGERY, GYNECOLOGY, WOMEN

*Foot reflexology massage: a clinical study. [Article in German]. By A. Kesselring. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999 Feb; 6 Suppl 1:38-40. PMID: 10077716 DOI: 10.1159/000057130

The conclusion was that foot reflexology is not recommended for acute, abdominal postsurgical situations in gynecology because it can occasionally trigger abdominal pain. This project is one of the few studies planned, conducted and performed by the nursing staff.

1998

PAIN, SLEEP, ABDOMINAL SURGERY, WOMEN

*Effects of Foot Reflexology on Women’s Well Being, Voiding, Bowel Movements, Pain and Sleep after Abdominal Surgery. By Kesselring A, Spichiger E, Muller M. Pflege, 1998 Aug; 11(4): 213-8.

Foot reflexology is not recommended for acute, abdominal post-surgical situations in gynecology because it can occasionally trigger abdominal pain.

ABDOMINAL PAIN, VOMITING, NAUSEA, DIARRHEA

Observation on Therapeutic Effects of 25 Cases with Acute Abdominal Pain Treated with Foot Reflexotherapy. By Zhang, C., and Zhang, Z. 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 16.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of acute abdominal pain.

MENSTRUAL PAIN, HEAVY BLOOD FLOW, WOMEN

Treatment of Climacteric Syndrome with Reflexology. By Hao, X., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 54.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of menstrual pain and heavy blood flow.

BLOOD, PAIN, FATIGUE, EDEMA, HYPERTENSION, URIC ACID, KIDNEY DISEASE

Hyperuricemia Treated with Foot Reflexotherapy - Clinical Research of 21 Cases. By Zhong, Z., Ding, W., Qiu, S., Lu, Y., Ye, J., Zhang, Z., and Xie, Q., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 89-91.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of hyperuricemia blood uric acid.

PAIN

Reflexology Applied as Pain-Killer. By Jin, H., 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 86-88.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of pain.

PAIN, NEUROMUSCULOSKELETAL DYSFUNCTIONS,

Reflexology as an Efficient Therapy for Relieving Pain Involving Neuromusculoskeletal Dysfunction. By Dalal, K., This study, conducted in India , was reported in the 1998 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 107-115.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for giving relief to pain associated with neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction.

WELL-BEING, SLEEP, PAIN, CATHETER REMOVAL, WOMEN
Foot reflexology: an intervention study. [Article in German]. By A Kesselring, E Spichiger, M Müller. Pflege. 1998 Aug; 11(4):213-8. PMID: 9775925

Results show that women in the foot reflexology group were more able to void without problems, after the indwelling catheter had been removed, than did women in the comparison groups. There was also a tendency in the foot reflexology group for the indwelling catheter to be removed earlier than in the other groups. In comparison, the foot reflexology subjects slept worse than the others. Foot massage showed significant results in subjective measurements of well-being, pain and sleep.

1997

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, PAIN, CONSTIPATION, BLADDER CONTROL

A Study of the Effect of Reflexology on People with Multiple Sclerosis. By Joyce, M., and Richardson, R. Reflexions, September 1997, pages 10-13 and Reflexology World, December 1997, pages 6-11.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis.

1996

REFACTORY UROSCHESIS (PAINFUL URINARY RETENTION), WOMEN

Refractory Uroschesis Cured with Foot Reflexo-therapy - A Case Report. By Wu, J., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 52-53.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of refractory uroschesis or painful urinary retention.

URETER OR KIDNEY STONES, LUMBAR PAIN, LITHOTROPHY

Foot Reflexology as an Accessory Treatment after External Lithotrity. A Clinical Observation of 46 Cases. By Ying, X., and Chen, Y., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 58-60.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of renal or ureter calculus as an accessory treatment to external lithotrity.

BARTHOLIN’S GLAND CYST, PAIN, BLOOD PRESSURE, SLEEP, WOMEN

Treatment of Bartholin's Gland Cyst with Foot Reflexo-Therapy. By Xu, L., 1996 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 86-87.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of symptoms of Bartholin's Gland Cyst.

1994

PAIN, POST OPERATIVE GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERY, WOMEN

*Foot Reflexology: An Intervention Study. By Kesselring, A., Forschende Komplemental Medizin, 1994, Supplement 1, pages 38-40.

Results showed an increase in abdominal pain during sessions and therefore, reflexology is not recommended for post gynecological surgeries.

BLOOD, ANEMIA, PAIN, SLEEP, PARALYSIS

A Case Report on Treatment of Megloblastic Anemia with Paraplegia by Foot Reflexology. By Yang, Y., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, pages 48-50.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective in relieving paralysis in legs and improving anemia.

TOOTHACHE, PAIN

Relieve Toothache with Foot Reflexotherapy. By Wang, X., 1994 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing: China Reflexology Association, pages 132-135.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for the relief of toothache.

1993

LOW BACK PAIN

euro-reflexotherapy intervention in the treatment of non specified low back pain: a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial [Article in Spanish]. . By F M Kovacs, V Abraira, G López-Abente, F Pozo. Med Clin (Barc). 1993 Nov 6; 101(15):570-5. PMID: 8255111

According to results of this study, neuro-reflexotherapic intervention has proved to be an effective method for treating low back pain.

CHEST, LUMBAR, SHOULDER, ARM, PAIN,

Foot Reflexology Therapy in Acute Soft Tissue Injury: Report of 4 Cases. By Ma, L., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report. Beijing: China Reflexology Association, page 36.

Foot reflexology has been shown to be effective for the relief of symptoms of acute soft tissue injuries.

KNEE ARTHRALGIA, PAIN

Treatment of Knee Arthralgia with Foot Reflexology: An Analysis of 17 Cases. Chen, G., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing , China Reflexology Association, page 37.

Foot reflexology was shown to have some success in relieving knee arthralgia; particularly acute cases without other complications.

ARTHRALGIA, PAIN, WOMEN

Observation on Therapeutic Effects of Four Cases with Faradotherapy on the FRZ for Lymph Nodes of Upper and Lower Body. By Gong, X., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing, China Reflexology Association, pages 48-50.

Foot reflexology has been shown to be effective for the relief of rheumatic pain.

PAIN, BRAIN, CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE, WOMEN

Foot reflexology combined with faradotherapy was shown to be effective in treatment of cerebral hemorrhage and left side pain.

PAIN, BRAIN, SPEECH, CEREBRAL INFARCTION

Exploring the FRZ of Grossa. By Guo, B., 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing : China Reflexology Association, page 69.

Foot reflexology was found to be effective for relief of cerebral infarction. It brought most symptoms under control after 20 treatments.

CANCER, CHEMOTHERAPY, NAUSEA, VOMITING, CONSTIPATION, MUSCULAR PAIN, HEADACHE, INSOMNIA

Foot Reflex Zone Massage Alleviates Symptoms Induced by Chemotherapy in Pulmonary Malignant Tumour Patients. By China Yun, Li Long and Associates, 1993 China Reflexology Symposium Report, Beijing. China Reflexology Association.

Reflexology has been shown to be effective for the relief of the adverse side effects induced by chemotherapy.

1988

PREGNANCY, BIRTH, PAIN, WOMEN

Easier Births Using Reflexology. By Sorrig, K., Danish Daily Newspaper, Berlingske Tidende, July 15, 1988.

Foot reflexology is useful in assisting deliveries reducting the use of drugs to stimulate uterine contractions, and reducing the frequency of analgesics, and general anesthetics to release a retained placenta.